The Relationship between Advertising Industry and Media in 20th Century free essay sample

Introduction Advertising is a key for the economy of consumers. Without it, people would face difficulty knowing what services and products are available. Adverting indeed is vital to a prosperous social order. It is also the financial basis of important contemporary mass media (John Vivian, 1997: 315). Advertising performs the dual role of informing and entertaining in the media. It informs us of the products and services that are available for us to buy and use. Along the way, it also entertains us with some amusement, witty, or clever use of words and photos. Media advertising has another vital function. It helps offset the price of the media communication itself to customers. If we didn’t have ads on radio or television, the expense of programming would need to return through taxes, government monies, or sponsorships (Helen Katz, 2003: 5-7). Advertisers know the value of product placement. As the personal media turned into the standard and mass media fragment, advertisers are again trying how they reach consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Advertising Industry and Media in 20th Century or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page More dollars of total advertising budgets are diverted to more targeted technologies while a smaller percentage will be spent on traditional media. Data mining and personalized electronic approaches are increasingly critical to marketplace success. Researchers and advertisers used data mining process to see what websites a person visits, what media the consumer uses, what did she/he buy and other to uncover economic data and demographic to define and classify prospective customers. Looking out databases for prior purchase information and assumptions concerning spending habits based on each home’s location, provides advertisers with clues on how to focus on specific customers (Peter B. et al, 2007. P. 254). For many decades, the newspaper, magazine, radio and television media have been the main sources for manufacturers to advertise their products (Wilson, James and Wilson, Stan Le Roy. 998. P. 319). In this essay, we are going to find out how has the relationship between media and advertising changed in 20th century? And how both worked together? Our focus will be on radio, television and Internet, because they came to exist in 20th century and had a big influence on the world of advertising. After giving a short history of advertising, we will discuss them one by one. History of Advertising The first advertising was oral, in ancient times used by barkers in the marketplace shouting the wares of merchants. Nowadays some advertisements are still oral. If we tune in television we will hear barkers shouting the stuff of automobile dealers. The history of outdoor advertising can go back to posted notices on papyrus in ancient Egypt for runaway slaves. Notices of runaway slaves and bond servants, with rewards offered, may have been the first written advertising, instead of something for sale. During all the centuries of slavery such notices were posted for the logical reason that these valuable pieces of property did not enjoy their lifes condition (Irving Fang, 1997: 61). Even at this early point in the history, advertisements were of key importance, when it came to informing consumers about new products. Coffee is one of such example; in the Middle East coffee was introduced as a drink for the first time, in the fifteenth century. The quick spread of coffee as both a drink and a pattern of behaviour (coffeehouses became social gathering places) advertising of coffees benefits was taking a huge place in newspapers (Mediaknowall). Advertising agency was another facet of advertising in the late nineteenth century, an American phenomenon which spread to Europe and then all over the world. The notion of agency began earlier in the century in France, where newspaper publishers considered the acceptance of ads directly from advertisers as beneath their dignity. Instead, they retailed space in bulk to contractors who sold the space to those with goods to sell. Later on, this concept was adopted by American agencies (Fang, 1997: 62). Wilson and Le Roy Wilson declare that establishing the first advertising agency goes to Volney Palmer, who started the agency in Philadelphia in 1841. By 1870, however, N. W. Ayer, the Americas oldest ad agency functioning today, began representing advertisers, helping them get the best results for their advertising dollars (1998: 296). In the World War II many civilian firms cut back on their advertising budgets. Others simply changed the content of their ads and instructed consumers how to make their products last until after the war instead of selling their products . The growth of advertising can be described as fantastic from the end of the war in 1945 to the late 1980s. The exchange from a war economy to a consumer economy encouraged a spurt in advertising as manufacturers hurried to get the order for all the goods and services that people had gave up buying because of the war (Joseph R. Dominick, 1990: 366). By the 1950s, advertising in its own right was considered as a profession, not just the remit of newspapermen or poets who were unsuccessful. It draw the attention both men and women who wanted to enjoy using their creativity in order to make some serious cash. Hard-working, hard drinking, unconventional and often amoral, the flannel suited Ad Man became a recognisable archetype, the personification of a new kind of cool (Mediaknowall). The period from 1950 to 1975, saw the incredible increasing 490 percent amount of money which spent on advertising. Also during this period a number of significant developments took place. TV’s growth which was of the most important significant developments as a national advertising medium had an impact on both radio and magazines. Radio became a medium and primarily used by local advertisers. Magazines that designed for particular audiences attracted more advertisers, but general publications (such as Colliers and Look) were unable to compete with TV and finally went under. Also in this period, the consumer became a more powerful force in the Responding marketplace. To increased consumer pressure, during the 1970s the Federal Trade Commission introduced corrective advertising. From 1950 to 1980, direct advertising which was done mostly through the mail, increased by more than 800percent. This increase was due to the growth of computerized mailing lists the expanded use of credit card shopping, and the coming out of the telephone as a marketing tool. Finally, the advertisers have become more stylish in their methods appreciation goes back to the emergence of computers and other electronic data processing devices. (R. Dominick, 1990: 366) Types of media like newspaper, magazine, radio and television were the main sources for manufacturers to advertise their products but that began changing in the 1980s and 1990s. For example, in the 1980s some advertisers like Coca Cola began operating commercials in theaters before showing the coming attraction trailers; the aim was targeting untapped audience of moviegoers. The reaction of clients was not too positive. In a 1988 survey, one-third of the audiences stated that they favored the advertising in movie theaters one-third were opposed to, and one-third didnt care. By1996, a similar survey found that between two-thirds and three-quarters of movie goers only 2 to 3 percent objected the commercials and others all liked it. By increasing the advertising time to follow the lead of European nations was the next step. At that time theater patrons in France could expect to see an average of 20 minutes of advertising before the movies started. And England was running around 7 minutes of commercials in movie houses. During the1990s the traditional media also became concerned as many large department store chains turned to the World Wide Web not only to advertise their products using the Internet for mail orders but also to sell them (Wilson and Le Roy, 1998: 319). Advertising and radio The 1920s was the beginning of radio as an advertising medium. Radio became an attractive vehicle for national advertisers by the rise of network broadcasting. About $27 million was spent on network advertising by 1930, and advertising agencies were responsible of producing the most popular shows of the day. The stock market collapse of 1929 had a terrible effect on the U. S. economy. Total dollars spent on advertising dropped from $2. 8 billion in 1929 to $1. 7 billion in 1935. It would take a decade for the industry to recover (R. Dominick, 1990. P. 366). The rapid growth of radio1920s was a means of free home entertainment, the only cost after the initial purchase of a radio set was to hear such advertising as the jingle. That was no cost at all, to a population suffering the economic effects of the Depression. Prices were not mentioned in radio ads until 1932. Catchy tunes like â€Å"Pepsi cola hits the spot, twelve full thats ounces, a lot † spun around in peoples heads as often as any song on the Hit Parade. Jingles even appeared in outdoor advertisements, such as the famous Burma Shave signs that motorists read, line after line, as they sped along the American highways (Fang, 1997: 64). The Queensboro Realty Company in 1922 for five radio talks that praised the benefits of living in the country paid $300. Immediately after that other companies realized the advertising potential of this system and followed suit. Other stations began to copy arrangement, and broadcasting would be supported by advertising, so the problem of financing radio was solved (R. Dominick, 1990: 178). The idea of broadcasting commercials in 1922 took a little selling. Broadcasters worried about how the government which licensed them, would feel about what Herbert Hoover and after that Secretary of Commerce referred to as being â€Å"drowned in advertising chatter†. Broad casters and advertisers also worried about ads that spread without having control on them or without anyone having any idea about who was getting the message and what effect it was having, or whether any one at all was paying attention. An answer that was comforting came when a commercial for Mineralava cosmetics offered a free photo of actress Marion Davies, who had spoken about How I Make Up for the Movies. † Many requests poured in from listeners. Albert Lasker, an important figure in advertising industry during the first half of the twentieth century, heavily led his agency, Lord Thomas, into radio. Many of the early radio shows were produced by Lasker’s agency including the most popular of all, Amos ‘n’ Andy (Fang, 1997: 64). Reasonably inexpensive, radio lends itself to repeated play of advertisements to drive home a message introduced in more expensive media like television. Nonetheless, radio does not propose any opportunities for the visual display. Radio lends itself to jingles that can contribute to a lasting image. Even though the images listeners create in their minds from audio suggestions can be more effective than those set out visually on television. (Vivian, 1997: 322) Television and advertising Televising Advertising Jingles typified an effort to be creative, to make an ad something more than the notification that goods were for sale. Advertisers acknowledged, before most of the rest of society did, that is to be expected for the public to remember something enjoyable. That helps to explain for people who have seen the same commercial many times sit entranced to watch it again without getting bored. It is also when the program is on why a child who runs off will come back running for the commercial. More thought, cold cash, effort, and energy go into television commercials nowadays than into television programs. (Fang, 1997: 64-65) TVs prospective as an advertising medium wasnt realized until 1948, although J. Walter Thompson agency in 1930 was the one first aired the television commercial. The advertisers name has been carried by many early programs, such as Milton Berles popular Texaco Star Theater the Camel News Caravan and The Hallmark Hall of Fame (which is still on the air today), because there was only for the one sponsor total program. Soon the masses in the United States preferred the Television advertising medium among other adverting medium (Wilson and Le Roy, 1998: 298). Television can offer unmatched impact, as a moving and visual medium, and the rapid growth of both network and local television advertising, far outpacing other media, indicates its success in reaching a diverse mass audience. Drawbacks include the fact that production costs can be high (Vivian, 1997: 322). In the 1980s, a new form of electronic advertising developed: direct-response home shopping services with the development of cable and satellite TV. These cable networks (HSN, QVC, etc. ) sell on sale products directly to consumers, who telephone in their orders to banks of operators. Home-shopping networks pay a percentage of the profits from sales generated in their viewing area to the cable operators, instead of buying air time from these cable operators. This type of direct selling is expected to take on new dimensions when interactive-TV and virtual reality technologies find their position in the marketplace (Wilson and Le Roy, 1998: 298). Vivian states that advertisers were forced by the expense of television time to make their advertisements shorter and shorter. A result is ad clutter, a phenomenon in which advertisements compete against each other and reduce the impact of all of them (1997: 322). 15 second ads started running by all three television networks in 1986, this allowed them to reduce the cost of per ad, and then they could run ads twice more than before, and maintain revenue levels. The 15-second advertisements called â€Å"15s† posed a new creative challenge to the industry: covering a powerful message in half the time and they were still able to sell the product to the consumer. The popularity of 15s started to decline by the early 1990s, and they could only represent 32 percent of the market. (Wilson and Le Roy, 1998: 310) Advertising and Internet Gary Thuerk was the creator of the first spam email advertisement ever to hit the inbox, also known as the father of spam, not a very inspiring title (â€Å"The History of Online Advertising†). The earliest documented junk e-mailing was written May 1 but It was sent May 3, 1978 (Brad Templeton). In the year 1980 the time Usenet, which was an online debate forum where people were capable of posting messages on new groups, was created, it used to get flooded with new posts, but as soon as the spam and mass messaging was introduced, people were sending out huge number of emails (â€Å"The History of Online Advertising†). Rachel argued that the first online advertisement appeared on the web in 1994, prompting the starting of the online advertising world. The period of experimentation by the advertisers and publishers was the first part, pioneering on ad formats and technology. DoubleClick was one of the first ad-serving technologies which was launched in 1995, (2011). The quick growing world of computers during the 1990s also brought about a new arena for advertising: the World Wide Web. Like other newspapers in the mid 1990s, the San Jose, California Mercury News founded a news Web site on the Internet. Editors put news from the newspaper on the Web site, thus people with computers were able to select news online. Every time an electronic reader tapped into Mercury Center, as the Mercurys Web site dubbed it was recorded as a hit. (Vivian, 1997: 322) During the first half of 1996, companies spent around $66. 7 million to advertise on the web with two-thirds of the spending coming from computer and telecommunications companies. The two biggest advertisers were Microsoft ($2. 9 million) and Netscape ($2. 1 million) while IBM was the third largest spender (s2. 0 million) and ATT (s17 million came in sixth. Toyota was the 13th largest web advertiser. In the meantime, a major U. S. cereal company started dabbling in this new technology in 1996. Kellogg Company launched what was seen as the worlds largest test of interactive TV advertising. (Wilson and Le Roy, 1998: 298) In 1995, Mercury Center was receiving 325,000 hits per a day, compared with the 270. 000 circulation of the newsprint product. The potential of web sites as advertising vehicles has not been lost on newspapers or other organizations including ATT and Microsoft, which also have established news sites online. Obviously, one pro of online advertising is that readers can click deeper and deeper levels of information about advertised goods Much more information can be packed into a layered online message than within the space and time limits of a print or broadcast ad (Vivian, 1997: 322). Conclusion In this study, we attempted to a good extent to discuss the main changes and developments in advertising and its relation with mass media. As we mentioned previously that adverting is essential to a prosperous social order. It is also the financial basis of important contemporary mass media. For many decades, the newspaper, magazine, radio and television media have been the main sources for manufacturers to advertise their products and goods. The major advent in the beginning of 20th century was radio as an advertising medium. The rise of network broadcasting made radio attractive vehicle for national advertisers. Also, radio freed advertising from its relationship to literacy by communicating through music, jingles, and the spoken word. Advertising agencies were not persuaded at first, but soon radio became their new medium and advertisers discovered its seemingly endless possibilities. Next, television arrived, and its rise was a significant improvement as a national advertising medium. TVs progress had an influence on both radio and magazines. Radio became a medium used primarily by local advertisers. Magazines that intended for specific audiences attracted more advertisers. Later on, in the late of the century, the quickly increasing world of computers during the 1990s also introduced a new ground for advertising: the World Wide Web. Like other newspapers in the mid 1990s. The quick growth of the Internet as a consumer medium was huge in the history of media. As a result, we found out how has the relationship between media and advertising changed in 20th century.

Superorder Dictyoptera, Roaches and Mantids

Superorder Dictyoptera, Roaches and Mantids Dictyoptera means network wings, referring to the visible network of veins present in the wings of this order. The superorder Dictyoptera includes orders of insects related by evolution and features: Blattodea (sometimes called Blattaria), the cockroaches, and Mantodea, the mantids. That being said, the world of science is ever-evolving, and taxonomy is no exception. This branch of the insect taxonomic tree is currently under revision. Some insect taxonomists also group termites in the superorder Dictyoptera. In some entomology references, the Dictyoptera may be ranked at the order level, with the mantids and roaches listed as suborders. Description: Perhaps no other pairing of insects seems as unlikely as cockroaches and mantids of the order Dictyoptera. Cockroaches are almost universally reviled, while mantids, also called praying mantises, are often revered. Taxonomists rely only on physical and functional characteristics to determine groups of like insects, however. Compare a cockroach and a mantid, and youll notice both have leathery forewings. Called tegmina, these wings are held like a roof over the abdomen. Roaches and mantids have long and spiny middle and hind legs. Their feet, or tarsi, nearly always have five segments. Dictyopterans use chewing mouthparts to consume their food, and have long, segmented antennae. Both cockroaches and mantids also share a few anatomical features that you would only see through close examination and dissection, but theyre important clues to establishing the relationship between these seemingly different insect groups. Insects have a platelike sternite near the end of their abdomens, under the genitalia, and in the Dictyoptera, this genital plate is enlarged. Roaches and mantids also share a special digestive system structure. Between the foregut and midgut, they have a gizzard-like structure called a  proventriculus, and in the Dictyoptera the  proventriculus has internal teeth that break down solid bits of food before sending them along the alimentary canal. Finally, in roaches and mantids, the tentorium – a skull-like structure in the head that cradles the brain and gives the head capsule its form – is perforated. Members of this order undergo incomplete or simple metamorphosis with three stages of development: egg, nymph, and adult. The female lays eggs in groups, then encases them in foam which hardens into a protective capsule, or ootheca. Habitat and Distribution: The superorder Dictyoptera contains nearly 6,000 species, distributed worldwide. Most species live in terrestrial habitats in the tropics. Major Families in the Superorder: Blattidae - Oriental and American cockroachesBlattellidae- German and wood cockroachesPolyphagidae - desert cockroachesBlaberidae - giant cockroachesMantidae - mantids Dictyopterans of Interest: Blatta orientalis, the Oriental cockroach, gains access to homes through plumbing pipes.The brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa, is called the TV roach. It likes to hide inside warm electronic appliances.Brown-hooded cockroaches (Cryptocercus punctulatus) live in family groups. Females give birth to live young; the nymphs take 6 years to reach maturity.The Mediterranean mantid takes its scientific name, Iris oratoria from an unusual marking on the underside of its wing. Literally, the name means talking eye, a smart description of the eyespot which is displayed when the mantid feels threatened. Sources: Dictyoptera, Kendall Bioresearch Services. Accessed online March 19, 2008.Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton Kenn KaufmanDictyoptera, Tree of Life Web. Accessed online March 19, 2008.Evolution of the Insects, by David Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel.External Anatomy - The Insects Head, by John R. Meyer, North Carolina State University Department of Entomology. Accessed online November 9, 2015.Unlikely Sisters – Roaches and  Mantises, by Nancy Miorelli, Ask an Entomologist website. Accessed online November 9, 2015.

Executive Function Performance Test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Executive Function Performance Test - Essay Example Reliability is the degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used; it may be estimated by the agreement between examiners and its internal consistency. In the study, interrater reliability was measured using intraclass correlation coefficients and Cronbach’s alpha for each of the tasks, and to correlate each of the test domains with the total score. Validity is related to how close the results, based on the measurement, are related to the truth. In the present study, validity was measured by comparing the performance across the three groups, founded in the results of measurements. In addition, the scale was compared and correlated with other neuropsychological measures which are known to assess executive functions. According to the results, shown in table No 1 of the original document, the demographic characteristics were similar in the study groups. The control individuals were younger, but there was no statistical significance. Patients with moderat e stroke had higher scores in the EFPT tasks, followed by patients with mild stroke, and control individuals. Both the EFPT total score and each of the executive functions showed a similar trend. These results confirm the hypotheses of the study. The study has the strength of evaluating a scale that measures instrumental tasks and the level of assistance affected individuals need in these tasks. As with other scales, researchers are measuring important characteristics of this instrument: validity and reliability.

Ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethnography - Essay Example The Bible study groups set their main biblical topic to be studied during these study times. The major purpose of Bible study is to collectively grasp an understanding of God’s word, even though there is some existence some form of worship and prayer. There exists a traditional belief that mothers ought to stay at home at home and look after their children. The Bible, for example in Titus 2: 4-6 and Timothy 5:14, focuses on the role of women role as ‘house keepers’, who ought to bear children and raise them in a manner that the Lord wants. In Proverbs 31: 28-31 women generally are given praise for the successful raising of children and home. In that respect, women have biblical roles that can be enhanced through bible study groups to be well behaved and more righteous. This has led to the formation of cell groups that mainly comprises of women either married or single. Therefore, even cultures degrade, distort and debase women, the Bible exalts them. The women have numerous challenges which they need to address as women alone. It was observed that the cell groups which comprised of both single and married women commences by taking off their shoes, greeting each other, having refreshments, taking of the prayer request, an opening prayer, getting of the bible study session, and finally it ends in prayer again The interviewees reported that Bible study brings unity for women who are not used to fellowshipping with each other. They also reported that they meet at Theresa Burns house so women can feel more comfortable being in a home setting verse in a church, so they are not discriminating against any faith. Outside the group, some of these women are coworkers. Others attend the same church thus fellowshipping together fellowship together. They also reported that their group was non-denominational group. The cell group consists of all kinds of women. The Bible study is led by Theresa Burns because she is regarded as a mediator, although they are no

Case study write-up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study write-up - Essay Example The Envirofit team thought the venture was simple and hoped it will help to reduce the pollution in the motorcycle engines. Social and environmental challenges can be tackled through development of technology such as the one developed y the team of the engineering students. The snowmobile technology that was developed for the Yellowstone National Park was aimed to avoid noise and pollution in the park. They used the technology to to fit onto existing machines and placed initially on the emissions event in the clean Snowmobile challenge that reduced hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions by over 99%. Since this was successful, it was subsequently applied in motorcycles. The inventory of the Envirofit was instrumental in ensuring an environmental safe and friendly vehicle. Modification of existing technology is instrumental in promoting and bettering the existing technology. For instance, the snowmobile was to be abandoned from the national park. However, the modification by the team made it relevant for the snowmobile to be used in the park as well as motorcycles as well as other vehicles. While working in the project, the team was engaging with each other as well as other relevant interested people as the NGO and the community. This helped in forming relationships as well as fostering teamwork among the team. Working in a project as big as the Envirofit is challenging and requires perseverance and a lot of patience. The project is time consuming and requires dedication as well as commitment for it to be accomplished successfully. This instils discipline in the participants in the project who get to learn on how meet deadlines and deliver satisfactory results. As the team in Envirofit observed it is beneficial to get local partners to participate in an environment. This would give businesses the concept of credibility; it would make the business more effective and efficient. The real

Portrayal Of Women In Advertisements Media Essay

Portrayal Of Women In Advertisements Media Essay This Article was written by Jacob M. Duker and Lewis R.Tucker, Jr. in 1977. In this article the discussion is based on the portrayal of women in advertising. The article basically says that the negative impact of women through advertisement showing them as housewives or sex objects have become a major source of concern for the women. The National Organization of Women (NOW) complained in 1971 that the women were still portrayed as domestic adjuncts, demeaned housekeepers, dependent on men, submissive, sex objects and unintelligent. According to the article the research that was conducted by Courtney and Lockeretz, sexton and haberman on advertisements and print advertisements concluded on the note that women were not portrayed accurately meaning that the advertisements do no show the actual role occupied by women in a Society and the image of women reflected in ads is quite narrow. Now only the proportions of sex-object role portrayals have decreased significantly whereas the others have not. However the role of women in advertisements has improved quite a lot since the old times as they are not portrayed as the stereotyped women as they were portrayed before. But still the fact is that more advertisements are made on women being as sex objects, or house wives. As the hypothesis statement of this article states that there is no difference in the perception of advertisements portraying women in the role of mother, sex objects, housewife, or glamour girl between female subjects who show strong and those who show weak orientations toward the womens liberation movement. In order to explain this relationship quantitative research was conducted in which College students were used exclusively because they are the ones who are most likely to adopt current popular opinion towards both womens lib and sex role portrayal in advertisements. Moreover it relies on the use of actual advertisements. Ads were pretested to insure that they did reflect the identified feminist issues. The pretests involved discussion of the ads with 30 female under-graduates to identify ads whose literal (as opposed to symbolic) messages were understood and which did project the image of women respectively as mother, sex object, glamour girl, housewife, working mother, modern woman, and professional, respectively. The following advertisements were chosen. 1. Mother feeding baby with a new disposable bottle (mother). 2. Beautiful female positioned by a line of cosmetics explicitly emphasizing sexiness (sex object). 3. Beautiful female being featured as a center of attention because o f her beautiful hair, the result of using a well-known creme rinse (glamour girl). 4. Several housewives taking part in a testimonial for a new pressure-type drain opener (housewife). 5. A cereal ad featuring a mother with a young daughter discussing the importance of pursuing a career while being able to look out for the welfare of the family (working mother). 6. Beautiful female positioned in a hair coloring ad as an independent individual free to pursue anything without worry (modern woman). 7. Biographical profile of a female orchestra conductor indicating the brand of Scotch whiskey she preferred (professional). The advertisements was shown to 104 females between the ages of 18 and 21 who represented the student body of a northeastern university. The sample is biased toward younger, educated individuals. Coming to the Results only for advertisement 2, which portrayed a female as a sex object, did they obtained chi square value of 4.122 begin to approach significance. For all ot her role representations, the chi square values reflecting differences among groups did not exceed 1.76. These findings are especially striking because they involve the reactions of the two conceptually predetermined polar groups, the traditionalists and the pro feminists. Of further interest is the finding that the three groups of respondents showed no significant differences in both their positive and their negative reactions. The two polar groups both liked the portrayals in advertisements 2, 3, 4, and 7, both disliked the portrayals in advertisement 1, and groups were divided relatively evenly toward those in advertisements 5 and 6. This study has established an important conclusion with regard to profeminism and its relationship to reactions to roles for women (portrayal of women) in advertisements. We know now that having pro-feminist opinions does not change the roles being assigned to women in advertisements. So the dependent variable in this article will be perception of ad vertisements portraying women and the independent variable will be strong and those who show weak orientations toward the womens liberation movement. Womens Role Portrayal Preferences in Advertisements: An Empirical Study This Article is written by Lawrence H. Wortzel and John M. Frisbie in Oct, 1974. This article is based on the two published studies which did research on the role that women portrayal in print advertising. The Courtney and Lockeretz study concluded that the women are right on the part where they say that full views of their roles in a society are not shown. They are always shown as housewives or some fashion object or the most common as sex objects. These roles do not define a women and role they play or have to play in a society. The other case study by Wagner and Banos indicates that there has been a large amount of improvement in showing womens role as a working member of a society. However they did not do much research on the effectiveness of the advertisement meaning that what kind of advertisement do women find more appealing or does the advertisement showing women in a working role make the product more better or desirable compared to the advertisements in which women were sho wn as sex or fashion object. Therefore this research has two hypothesis statements, one, when a women appears in an advertisement the desirability of the product advertised to women exposed to the ads will be enhanced if that woman is portrayed in a career or neutral role, rather than a sex object, family, or fashion object role. Two, those women who most strongly agree with the tenets of women liberation Movement will most strongly consider a products desirability enhanced when a woman appearing in the ad is portrayed in a career or neutral role, rather than a sex object, family, or fashion object role. The traditional role of women was however not rejected. In this experiment, subjects were asked to design print ads by matching pictures of products with pictures of women. Two portfolios were prepared: one consisting of pictures of products, the other containing pictures of women. The product portfolio consisted of pictures of three products in each of seven product categories: small appliances, large appliances, womens grooming products, womens personal products, household products, foods, and mens grooming and personal products. The specific product categories were selected to provide diversity while remaining within the boundaries of plausibility; each product category is one in which the picture of a woman in an advertisement would not be unexpected. Any product that consistently used advertising that portrayed a woman in a particular role was rejected to minimize possible bias due to conditioning. The portfolio of womens pictures consisted of five pictures depicting women in ea ch of the five roles-neutral, family, career, sex object, and fashion object-for a total of 25 pictures in all. The two portfolios were presented to a convenience sample of 100 young (ages 21 to 35) women. While the sample of young women was not drawn randomly, every effort was made to insure that a distribution of demographic characteristics would be achieved. The results indicated no consistent preference for specific female roles that always enhance product desirability and that cut across product categories. Coming to the result we must see that the women participating in this experiment appear to have chosen their preferred role-background on the basis of the specific product class with which they were con-fronted. For products that are usually used by households or families, the family role-back-ground was preferred. Preference for the family role-background was marginal for small appliances and strong for large appliances and food. For products that women use alone the neutra l or career role-backgrounds were prefer-red, although the traditional fashion role was still acceptable. There is no product for which a sex-object role was considered the most enhancing role portrayal. After doing several research and experiment the article concludes by saying that women are indeed very happy when they are portrayed as traditional homemaker, fashion or sex objects. Women did find their liberation in ad to be portrayed by a housewife role. The reason they prefer these role portrayals they chose could be that advertisement has played a big part in making women accept the traditional role portrayals in ads in advertisements. So the dependent variable in this article will be desirability of the product and the independent variable will be exposed to the ads and woman portrayed in a career or neutral role. Amanda B. Bower (Autumn, 2001)Highly Attractive Model in Advertising and the Women who Loathe Them: The implications of Negative Affect for Spokesperson Effectiveness This Article is written by Amanda B. Bower in 2001. In this article the author tries to explain the impact that good looking models in advertisements, have on the self esteem of the women. As we know that the use of Attractive Models in advertising has become very popular in the world today but the effect is yet to be measure. Some women may have negative effects by comparing themselves to the attractive model and may think less of themselves. The purpose of the research was to find out that if the highly attractive images of women in advertising can persuade and if they have a positive or negative impact on the women living in a society. The physical Attractiveness plays a very important role as women want to compare themselves with the images of perfection, flawlessness, skinniness and beauty depicted in advertising. Would the one comparing herself would have an effect on her self-esteem and have a negative effect on the spokes person effectiveness. The results of the study showed that the people who compared themselves to the spokes person actually had a negative reaction and the effectiveness of the spokes person was reduced. This tells us that that there although there may be negative relation between negative effect and spokesperson efficiency but still the negative relation has to be more high for model derogation to take place. The patterns suggest an interesting limited condition. For Methodology 38 undergraduates were chosen and were given 5 photos of models to select from who would look better using the treadmill. The photos that were given were chosen from more than 100 photos of models from different magazines and none of them were from advertisements. While conducting the first study it was kept in mind that HAM would be the ones with who majority would like to compare themselves so to simplify the findings, a second study was performed. It was decided to take such a product that would emphasize more on the malleable part of womans physical appear ance. This was done in order to see if the negative effect still existed when the body was not strongly emphasized on as it was done in the first case study. Regarding first study results strong evidence was shown that the comparers report relatively high levels of comparison with the model, whereas non-comparers report relatively low levels of comparison. Comparers had more negative feelings and found the models to be more attractive than the non-comparers. Results regarding Study 2 where One hundred eleven women participated indicated that the mean beauty evaluation (10.88) was again at approximately the midpoint of the scale and was not significantly different from the HAM beauty in the first study. This suggests again that the subjects view the model as representing the average beautiful model presented in advertising. The purpose of this study was see whether the highly attractive models had an ability to persuade and also if HAMs had an positive or negative effect on women. Re sults showed that more importance is given to Spokesperson expertise and evaluation of product in a advertisement in product evaluation and intentions. So the dependent variable in this article will be self esteem and the independent variable will be advertising, and physical Attractiveness. Images of Women in Advertisements: Effects on Attitudes Related to Sexual Aggression This Article is written by Kyra Lanis and Katherine Covell in 1998. In this Article they have tried to make a point that portrayal of women by media can influence sexual attitudes and beliefs. As we all know that Advertising has a very strong power of persuading and manipulating. Bretl and Canto(1988) estimated and found out that a average american is exposed to over 37,000 advertisements each year. Certain Role Portrayals have been played by women in advertisements but according to this article very little attention has been given to the portrayal of sexuality of women in advertisements. So basically the purpose of this article and research is to see the effects of advertisements when women are presented in sexually provocative or a non-traditional manner. According to the article the stereotypic portrayal has an impact on attitudes of women as they become more conscious and have social anxiety meaning they start to believe that they have to be like the stereotypic women displayed i n advertisements as the others might start judging them if they act differently. Secondly their desire and motivation to achieve anything becomes very low and their interest in politics participation decreases and this all because of the impact of stereotypic portrayed of women in advertisements.. For the experiment 90 participants were taken out of which 45 were males and the other 45 were females and they were all undergraduate students from university of Toronto. There were 2 studies on which participants had to participate. First study was to make own judgments about some advertisements and a second study in which they had to assist with the normalization of a questionnaire being made by a researcher. The results showed that control advertisements were rated as more appealing than the sex objects and progressive advertisements. The research further concludes by saying that although in some places women are also being depicted in wide range of social and occupational roles but th ere has been a vast increase in the sexually exploitive use of women in advertisements. So the dependent variable in this article will be sexual attitudes and beliefs whereas the independent variable will be portrayal of women and advertising. A Longitudinal View of Womens Role Portrayal In Television Advertising The Article has been written by Marjorie Caballero and Paul J. Solomon in 1984. In this article by Adrian Furnham and Nadine Bitar, growing awareness of womens role in society has been told meaning that women are now participating more in the labor force and that is changing the image of women and now people are again evaluating womens contribution in a society. This role of women also has had many criticisms and some revolve around the stereotypical sex-role portrayal of women in the mass media. Here, the hypothesis of this article would be that the marketers and society have begun to accept the changing role of women. The article also tells that according to the findings Women were portrayed more in decorative roles and in the home compared to men. And even if they were shown doing work in advertisements, the jobs that they had in the advertisements were traditional female Occupations and there was rarely a time when women were portrayed as professionals or authorities. The image we assume of a women by watching advertisements are of a young beautiful girl found in her home or kitchen and whenever she has any problems she is looking for some male influence to solve her problems. She is a sex-object and her job is take care of the male. For the research a quantitative methodology was followed, total of 2095 and 1872 commercials were reviewed and analyzed in 1977 and 1980 respectively. The Commercials were analyzed according to the following variable which was channel, time of day, ad distribution, characters women appear with, age, product category, role played by women and voice over. According to report trends by Schneider and Schneider showed that the changing roles being shown in the advertisements are being accepted by the society. So the dependent variable in this article will be belief and the independent variable will be awareness. The Impact of Women in Advertisements on Attitudes Towards Women This article is written by Natalie J. MacKay and Katherine Covell in 1997. In this Article, a link is trying to be shown between images of women in advertisements and sexual attitudes. The continuous showing of these kind of advertisements undermine womens striving for equality. Media has played a huge part in our culture. According to the article the people really do have perception that gender role and traits of men and women shown in advertisements is how they actually live in real world where men are shown as the one with the authority and the ones dominating on women whereas women are shown as the ones who only worry about their body image and are sex objects and are answerable to the men. According to the hypothesis that is males are most likely to be affected by advertisement type toward sexual aggression whereas females are not received partial support. According to Livingstone and Green all this portrayal advertisement is creating negative attitudes. The article further says that over the past 5 decades the portrayals in advertisement has changed. Earlier women were shown as objects of sexual gratification, house makers, spouses and mothers. But now as women have started to enter the workforce, the image of women have begun to transform. Now women have started becoming the main characters in advertisements where they are portrayed as working in market place and in progressive occupations and are shown as equal to their male counterparts. The positive change has changed the image of women of only being sex objects. But the opposing portrayals of women have started to confuse people about womens role in society because people still believed in the stereotyped women that were shown in previous advertisements. For Methodology 46 female and 46 middle class undergraduate students were selected from rural University College. Only Print Ad vertisement had been used. Before starting the study 150 colored advertisements from different magazines were rated by a senior psychology class. Rating was based on general appeal and the extent to which they met the criteria of exemplifying sex image. Out of the 150 advertisements there were 35 advertisements which were rated consistently as appealing and exemplifying sex image. These 35 advertisements were then shown to different undergraduate psychology class who did not take part in the main study. After there rating the final 20 advertisements were selected in which there was one set of 10 sex image and one set of 10 progressive image. After this the study took place and each participant was tested individually. They had to rate the picture on scale of 5 on the basis of use of color, graphical design, amount of product information presented, spatial layout and most importantly general appeal rating. The results Showed that Progressive Advertisements were rated more appealing t han the sex image advertisements. So we can conclude by saying that advertisements in which women have been shown in productive roles and are not shown as the typical stereotypical labels attached to them have been given unfavorable ratings. Perhaps it is because women are now being considered less feminine as they were shown earlier. So the dependent variable in this article will be attitudes and the independent variable will be portrayal advertisement. The Portrayal of Womens Images in Magazine Advertisements: Goffmans Gender Analysis Revisited This Article has been written by Mee-Eun Kang in 1997. The purpose of this article was to show the changes in the image of women in magazine advertisements since Goffmans 1979 study. According to the findings indicated in the article the images of women seen in 1991 advertisements is pretty much the same compared to the images found in 1979 advertisements. But however change was found in the stereotypical portrayal of women. The magazine of 1991 showed more body display than those from 1979. The hypothesis of this study is as follows: The print advertisements in 1991 samples will show less frequent gender displays in terms of function ranking, ritualization of subordination, relative size, feminine touch, licensed withdrawal, body display, and independence (self-assertiveness) than those of 1979. According to gender behavior told by Goffman relationship, playing the instructing role and main telephonic conversations are no longer shown in modern magazine advertisements. Moreover the article says that now the advertisements target more specific audiences. Other than that the Print Advertisement has almost remained the same but the huge change has been seen in the TV Advertisements and that is due to cultural alterations. The purpose of TV advertisements is to maximize demand of a product and using women in a sexist tone in advertisements has had more collective implications and according of Goffman if the media play their part correctly the people watching these advertisements are forced to believe that the way in which women are depicted in advertisements is indeed the way women live in reality. For methodology magazine advertisement was the unit of analysis. Print Advertisements were taken from 1979 and 1991 womens popular magazines. A Total of 504 magazine advertisements we re selected for this study in which 252 were from 1979 magazine and the other 252 were from 1991 magazine. The forms of gender display that were measured while comparing these advertisements were Feminine Touch, Relative Size, Function Ranking, Body Display, Self Assertiveness, Ritualization of Subordination and Licensed Withdrawal. The results showed that the there was not much change in the extent of sexism in magazines and the hypothesis is unsupported. Therefore it is concluded by saying that the portrayal of women in advertisements has not changed much since 1979. Still the same stereotyped images of women are being shown in magazine. So the dependent variable in this article will be perception of audiences and the independent variable will be advertisement and cultural alteration. The Elastic Body Image: The Effect of Television Advertising and Programming on Body Image This Article has been written by Myers, P.N., Biocca in 1992. In this article it has been told that the stereotypes of women shown in advertisements where women are being portrayed as being the sex object and the ones with perfect body has started creating so many problems for the young generations girls. The girls have actually been so demotivated and disturbed by the stereotypes that they have started having eating disorders which has started to bring so many health issues for them. The hypothesis statement in this article is whether the ideal body shown in advertisements and print advertisements play a key role in making women believe that body size is not perfect?. Therefore the Independent Variable in this article will be Ideal Body Programming and Body Commercials which affect the females thinking towards their body images and mood. According to Downs and Harrison work, viewers receive 5260 attractiveness messages per year out of which 1850 messages deal directly with beauty. Two researches with sample size of 1000 and 446 were conducted towards the perceived body image. All the participants were mid or late teens. The results showed that body images were misperceived. The last part of experimentation will be based on elastic body image referring to rickety self image. For that image following Hypothesis has been formed H1: Conflict will take place between internalized body ideal body and objective body shape because of exposure to body image advertising and programming. The conflict will lead to depression, self loathing, rejection and anxiety. For this a study took place where 76 college students in the age range of 15 to 24 took part to test the hypothesis. 120 advertisements were selected out of which 60 were BIC and the other 60 were NIC. The advertisement had to be rated for body image oriented ones and neutral image oriented ones. The advertisement which had highest scores in both category were selected and then video was made including the highest scoring commercials of both categorys and were watched by the subjects. The hypothesis was true to some amount because BIC did have a distorting effect but in way contradictory to the hypothesis. The mood change before and after the tapes were played were measured by The Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL). Body image distortion was measured through a Body Image Detection Device (BIDD) was used to measure Body image distortion. The statistics were then used by the researchers to conclude the result on mood and body image through ANOVA and ANCOVA. Waltz,T. (November 24, 2004). The Effects of Magazines on the Self-Esteem and Portrayal of Stereotypes in Teenagers The Article has been written by Waltz T. on November 24, 2004. The article basically says that the Stereotypes shown in magazine and the print advertisements shown have had a huge impact on the self confidence and representation of girls in the real world as they feel less of themselves now and have been demoralized and demotivated after seeing such Print advertisements. The independent variable will be the stereotypes depicted in the advertisements whereas the dependent variable will be self esteem and self image. The Survey conducted at Mason High School in November 2004 was done to see if Magazines had any positive or negative effect on both genders and whether they believed that the gender portrayed in magazine were realistic or not and also to see if according to them the stereotypes were being enforced in magazine. The Female survey showed that the most read magazine among girls ranging in age from 15 to 18 years was Seventeen with 50%, 47% read Cosmopolitan, 21% read YM and 21 % read other magazines. 41% of the survey takers took the tips that are offered in the magazine and 35% of the women believed to have a positive change in their lives. Only 9% felt that Seventeen, Cosmopolitan, YM and other magazines portrayed gender correctly whereas 79% felt stereotypes were being enforced by the variety of magazines. The Male surveys also had some interesting results. Age range was between 15 to 18. It was found out 31% of men that were surveyed read teenager magazines with maxim read by most at 23%, 4% read Esquire, 0% read Razor and 12% other magazines. Shockingly 19% of the males admitted that they read girl magazines. Only 8% men used the tips offered in the magazine. 19% of men had a positive change. 12% felt that gender was portrayed realistically and 50% believed that stereotypes were enforced in magazines. The author concludes by saying that magazines are the main reason for stereotypes having negative effects on teenagers nowadays and and giving them wro ng version of the world and the people living in it. The article is related to the research as talks about the impact of print advertisements and how they have had effect on teenagers. Joellen W. Hawkins and Cynthia S. Aber(1993) Women in Advertisements in Medical Journals This Article has been written by Joellen W.Hawkins and Cynthia S. Aber in 1993. In this article it is written that according to studies conducted by Prather and Fidell there is more chance of women being in advertisements where they have to be pictured as needing psychoactive drugs, whereas there is more chance that men are depicted in advertisements for non-psychoactive drugs. Moreover the article says that all this is done because it is believed that women problems are related to emotional symptoms whereas men suffer problems, pressure and anxiety due to work pressure they get from their offices. The evidence of gender differences is also apparent in the wording of ads. Mens problems are told in advertisement in a clean and direct manner whereas womens problems are told in a humorous way because people assume that women really have no tension and pressures except to look good and maintain their body figures. A study was designed in order to see that what are the images of women as providers and consumers of health care that are portrayed in picture advertisements in medical journals and specially to see if there was any difference in the images of portraying men and women in picture advertisements. In Methodology 209 picture advertisements were taken from general and clinical medical journals and all pictures which portrayed women as either providers or consumer were included in the selected picture advertisements. Out of the 209 advertisements 76 were found to appear more than once, 43 appeared twice, 12 three times, 7 four times, 13 between 5 to 10 times and one ad appeared 17 times. The advertisements shown are very gender stereotyped showing women as disorientated and needing medication for sleep or depression, women as passive and men as active, men as authority figures and women as their patients, men as workers and women as sex objects or virgin. The article is concluded by saying that the number of labor force of women working has increased over the p ast two decades but a examination of medical advertisements made it clear that women are still not being shown the way they really are in reality. In this article the independent variable is image of women as psychoactive drugs and the dependent variable is the problems it creates among women. The article is related to the research as it tells the effects of advertisement on people according to the gender.

Central Route

Describe how each side used central route or peripheral route influence principles to effect the negotiation outcomes These two â€Å"routes to persuasion† are 1) the â€Å"central† route and 2) the â€Å"peripheral† route. An individual who is using the â€Å"central† route will be more engaged in processing and evaluating the merit of the opposing parties proposal. This â€Å"route† is much more analytical and is concerned with the actual logistics of the proposal/argument.An individual engaging in the â€Å"peripheral† route, by contrast, will focus less on the actual merit and logic of opposing counsels arguments and instead will be more influenced by things that are more peripheral to the issue at hand, such as the physical attractiveness of the person trying to persuade them, or presentation or â€Å"packaging. † It is very important for negotiators to realize that numerous factors can influence their negotiation partners to use either one of these two â€Å"routes†. It would be a mistake to assume that an opposing party will always operate in the same way based on immutable factors such as education or intelligence.Something as simple as not having gotten enough sleep, or being hungry, can have a huge effect on how the opposing party will process your arguments during negotiation, making even a savvy or intelligent negotiator more likely to use the â€Å"peripheral† route. The Central Route to Persuasion: Research has established that decision’s reached using the â€Å"central† route to persuasion are generally going to be more satisfying and beneficial to parties in the long run. However, It is important for negotiators to be aware that they only want to encourage this type of decision-making if they have something of true value to offer the opposing party.Once you have determined you have something of value, the first great way to encourage this type of thinking is to discuss the issues in the negotiation as a joint problem-solving venture. This type of prompting will encourage the opposing party to look at the situation in a detailed and thoughtful way. Next, it is important to reduce distractions during negotiations if you wish to encourage this type of analysis. A simple way to do this is to ensure that you will have a quiet, distraction free environment for the negotiation where the opposing party will feel calm and comfortable.Finally, recommending open dialogue where all individuals are required to give in-put encourages individual responsibility and independent thinking among opposing parties. This can be a great way to solicit the â€Å"central† route to persuasion. When people are placed in a position of responsibility and the burden is placed on them to come up with creative and effective ways the attack the problem, they are much more likely to deeply analyze the arguments and proposals made by the other side. The Peripheral Route of Pe rsuasion:Clearly, the â€Å"peripheral† route to decision making is far less attractive when negotiators are seeking a long lasting, sustained result. Individuals who use this route to persuasion often are influenced by superficial factors such as the clothing, appearance or job title of the opposing party. These negotiators also use mental short cuts and make decisions without closely analyzing the relevant facts and consequences of the opposing parties proposal. Because this route to persuasion is less likely to result in a long lasting, sustained agreement it is only advisable to use in specific situations.Namely, those in which a short-term solution is all that is desired. The easiest and most effective way to encourage this type of decision-making is through use of the â€Å"expertise heuristic†. A mental short cut used by those engaged in the peripheral route to persuasion. This mental short cut can essentially be summed up like this: people tend to defer to perc eived authorities or experts when making decisions without thoughtful analysis. Therefore, it could be extremely useful to emphasize skill and knowledge in the area of negotiation in order to encourage this type of analysis by the opposing party.

Marris Growth Maximisation Model

Assignment Set 2 Question 1 What are the principles of management? Answer There are fourteen principles of management laid by Henri Fayol. They are elaborated further below. Division of labour A particular task is divided into several units or segments, each performed by specialists in order to achieve efficiency. Authority and responsibility coexist Responsibility must be understood properly in order to achieve command in the business by taking the right decision at the right time for the right purpose. Unity of commandThere should be single chain of command in the organisational structure which means one person should report to only one boss Unity of direction Managers must be methodical and must approach with a single plan following the single universal approach to achieve goals Equity Management actions must be a combination of fairness, justice and empathy layered with the idea of productivity-based incentives. Order The entire process of productivity must balance on a discrete system which governs on the principles of desired output DisciplineManagement must elaborate through the entire chain of command the necessary of maintaining norms, rules and guidelines to enhance productivity and harmony in workplace Initiative The workers must find their job interesting so that they are enthusiastic about learning new responsibilities, thus bringing effectiveness. Fairness Various industrial laws and norms are established and governed by the respective legislative bodies to ensure a system of fairness, justice, equality is maintained within the industrial as well as organisational environment. StabilityProper schooling of guidelines, methodologies, and systems involved; creates team spirit, smoothness and enhances productivity. Thus an employee will always adjust himself or herself according to the dynamic reality. Scalar chain A strict and coordinated effort of inflow and outflow of information from top level to the lowest level of organisational hierarchy create s smoothness, review plans and solve problems faster. Subordination of individual interest to general interest Organisation’s interest must be prioritised at all cost because it affect the interest of many stakeholders.Espirit de corps Management must ensure the existence of team spirit, harmony and intense communication and accurate dissemination of information, trust among the employees. Centralisation and decentralisation Authority and power must centralise and decentralise accordingly although decentralisation is the trend nowadays in various existing multinational and national organisations. Question 2 What are the characteristics of leading? Answer The characteristics of leading are * Pervasiveness * Continuity * Human factor * Creativity Executive function * Delegating function Pervasiveness Characteristic of leading is required in all levels of organisation. Leading motivates all the levels in the organisation to coordinate with the CEO (leader). Continuity Leading is a continuous process happens everywhere and at anytime in the organisation. Its importance becomes higher when the organisation is undergoing a change. Human factor Leading directs and controls human factor of complexity and unpredictable nature in more of a disciplined, matured performer regarding fulfilment of rganisational goals and objectives. Creativity Differentiated thoughts and ideas are accumulated and processed through employees enrolled from different strata of the society brings matured creativity in order to project growth and development in the organisation. Executive function Leading implies that the followers execute the functions of organisation, which the leader and the follower agree is important for achieving the organisational goals and through it the individual goals. Delegating function Delegating is natural fallout of leading.It also follows that the leader trusts his or her followers and vice-versa. Mutual trust is the most important in leading and delegati on is largely based on that. Question 3 Briefly explain the four main approaches to organisational behaviour. Answer The main approaches to organisational behaviour are: * Human resource approach * Contingency approach * Productivity approach * Systems approach Human resource approach The organisation is for the people, by the people and with people. Humans are the integrated part of the organisation.Therefore growth and development is only possible when human resource are developed both internally and externally. Contingency approach Situation analysis is the vital part of the behavioural practices of organisation. Significant analysis of each situation prior to action helps to use all the current knowledge about people in the organisation in the most appropriate manner. Productivity approach Output per unit input is considered. Besides, economic inputs and outputs, we need to have human and social inputs and outputs in workplace, is the premise of this approach Systems approachThe systems view emphasizes the interdependence of people, technology, and socio-economic structure of organisation serves as a basis for co-ordinating activities to function as a whole effectively. Question 4 Explain the five major leadership styles as per the Managerial Grid Theory Answer The Managerial Grid Theory or also known as the Blake Mouton Framework builds on the Ohio and Michigan studies and creates a relative position that a leader prefers to take in most situations and thereby identifies his or her predominant style. The five major leadership styles are: * Impoverished leadership Country club leadership * Produce or perish leadership * Middle-of-the-road leadership * Team leadership Impoverished leadership It is the most haphazard, uncoordinated, reluctant, de-motivated style of leadership. It generates zero creativity, immense dissatisfaction and disharmony among employees. They have neither a high regard for creating systems for getting the job done nor for creating a w ork environment that is satisfying and motivating (low production/low people) Country club leadership It is mostly concerned about the needs and feelings of the members of the team.The main objective is making everyone happy instead of being focussed on the objectives and achieving results. A very relaxed environment exists but without direction and control (high people/low production). Produce or perish leadership Leaders believe that followers are simply a means to an end. They are generally strict and autocratic in nature. They believe frequent punishments can bring productivity and motivation in employees. (high production/low people) Middle of the road leadership Leaders settle for average performance and often believe that this is the most anyone can expect.In this case, neither production nor people needs are fully met. (medium production/medium people) Team leadership Leaders stress on needs related to production, quality and people with equal importance, because they believ e that each of them are the stakeholders of the organisation. This creates a team environment based on trust, and respect which leads to high satisfaction and motivation, resulting high production. (high production/high people) Question 5 List some of the commonly found perceptual biases. Answer The commonly found perceptual biases are as follows: Fundamental attribution error * Self serving bias * Selective perception * Halo effect * Contrasts effects * Projection * Stereotyping * Primacy(first-impression) effect * Recency effect * Self-fulfilling prophecy * Pygmalion effect * Golem effect Fundamental attribution error Tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the internal factors Self serving bias Tendency of people to attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors, is known as self-serving biased perception Selective perceptionSometimes a person, or an object or an event stands out from the action. Faulty evaluation follow s after the action based on this selective perception. Halo effect Previous success creates a halo in our mind so that every time the same person, object or event returns, expectation remains premium about reproducing similar or better outcome. If the results fail to impress we generate biased judgements and attribute it to some outside factors rather to accept the inabilities. Contrast effects. Individuals do not evaluate a person in isolation.There is always a tendency of comparison which depicts high contrast in values and actual actions of the organisation, generating various prejudices. Projection We tend to feel and see that others are like us, and taking decisions on the premise that others want what we want, such perception is called projection. Stereotyping Judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which the person belongs is defined as stereotyping. It simplifies the complex world. But when we inaccurately stereotype, various mistakes and misunderstand ings cloud the right perception.Primacy effect First impression-lasting effect theory, the tendency to form lasting opinions about an individual based on the initial perceptions. This error is generally found formal interview sessions. Recency effect When we summarise a series of action taken by a person recently and decide its effectiveness in reality, we perceive with recency effect. Self-fulfilling prophecy It is a tendency for someone’s expectations about another to cause that person to behave in a manner consistent with those expectations.It can of two types * Pygmalion effect- manager has high expectations of his employee and therefore grades him as the topper although the facts indicate otherwise * Golem effect- the same manager evaluates his top performer as third, because his expectation from him is not high although the facts indicate otherwise Question 6 Suppose you are the Team Manager in a multinational company with team strength of 12 members. You are given the responsibility of ensuring that the team gives excellent performance or results. What are the key issues you have to handle in team building? AnswerThe key issues needed to handle while building a proper team are: * having clear expectations and context * commitment * team design and competence * charter of performance * control and coordination * collaboration * communication * consequences * creative innovation * cultural change Having clear expectations and context The team should get sufficient resources like people, time and money. The team need to understand the role and importance of their work and their strategic existence. Commitment All team members must oath in sincerity and recognised contribution in order have growth and development.They should enthusiastic, excited and challenged by the opportunity. Team design and competence There should continuous evaluation of the structure and reason of existence so that competencies are evolved and used to achieve results faster a nd in superior quality. Charter of performance The team must define its goals, the outcomes, the timelines, measuring success, and the process to accomplish tasks. Equally , the support of the top management is the precondition Control and coordination The team should have sufficient freedom and mechanism for self regulation and coordination.The top management must ensure the existence of such team spirit, address the challenges through incentives and motivation. Collaboration The team goals should be a collaborative one, and should establish norms so that collaboration becomes easy and effective. Communication The members must continuously communicate among themselves because it is the mother of all issues that is needed to be solved immediately as soon as the team formation occurs. Consequences Team members must be accountable and should feel responsible for the achievement and they should inherently get the idea of consequences of not achieving it. Creative innovationThe team mus t continuously innovate with the freedom of creativity in order to sustain for long run. Cultural change Teams need flat organisational structure, rewards and recognition and training and development of a high order. Traditional companies are not designed for effective team operation. Acknowledgement I would like to thank our honourable lecturers Mr. Indranil Bhattacharya and Miss Sumita Haldar for extensive cooperation and support in order to establish focused effort in completion of the assignment successfully. I would also like to thank my mates and Sikkim Manipal University for extensive cooperation and support.

Free Essays on Lighting The Fire Of Rock And Roll Dreams

‘Lighting the Fire’ of America’s Rock and Roll Dreams In 1965 the gates of musical history opened its doors to a new sound that would affect young teenage angst minds and many others forever, this new sound was called: The Doors. It’s members consisting of the late front man Jim Morisson, organist Ray Manzarek, drummer John Densmore, and guitarist Robby Krieger met while residing near the U.C.L.A. area. The four musicians were completely aware of the â€Å"surf doo wop† music that was infesting the Los Angeles, California area and were destined on doing something about it.(Raz) By indulging in the influences of musical genres such as rock ‘n’ roll, jazz, blues, and classical, The Doors had made a recipe for musical success. Their first released single â€Å"Break on Through†was met with mild response. Just when it was seeming like their careers were over before they had began their second single â€Å"Light My Fire† lit up the air waves like wild fire, thus insuring The Doors a place in musical history. While The Doors compsed many other hits in their short careers â€Å"Light My Fire would be the song that would leave their impact in musical history and in N.P.R’S â€Å"Top 100 Most Influencial American Works of the 21st century. â€Å"Light My Fire† written by Robby Krieger, was a sure fire way to get into people’s minds. A few lyrics added by Jim Morisson caused some confusion within the band such as â€Å"No time to wallow in the mire. Try now. We can only lose, and our love becomes a funeral pyre...† According to N.P.R. reporter Guy Raz ‘â€Å"Light My Fire’ is a love song to a generation of iconoclasts where love ends in a pile of ash smoldering on a funeral pyre. In the fall of 1964 Jim Morrison met Ray Manzarek while attending while attending U.C.L.A. Later in the spring 1965 the boys add time-measure when drummer John Densmore joins the band. Now enabling them to cut a six song demo including â€Å"Moon Light Drive†, ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Lighting The Fire Of Rock And Roll Dreams Free Essays on Lighting The Fire Of Rock And Roll Dreams ‘Lighting the Fire’ of America’s Rock and Roll Dreams In 1965 the gates of musical history opened its doors to a new sound that would affect young teenage angst minds and many others forever, this new sound was called: The Doors. It’s members consisting of the late front man Jim Morisson, organist Ray Manzarek, drummer John Densmore, and guitarist Robby Krieger met while residing near the U.C.L.A. area. The four musicians were completely aware of the â€Å"surf doo wop† music that was infesting the Los Angeles, California area and were destined on doing something about it.(Raz) By indulging in the influences of musical genres such as rock ‘n’ roll, jazz, blues, and classical, The Doors had made a recipe for musical success. Their first released single â€Å"Break on Through†was met with mild response. Just when it was seeming like their careers were over before they had began their second single â€Å"Light My Fire† lit up the air waves like wild fire, thus insuring The Doors a place in musical history. While The Doors compsed many other hits in their short careers â€Å"Light My Fire would be the song that would leave their impact in musical history and in N.P.R’S â€Å"Top 100 Most Influencial American Works of the 21st century. â€Å"Light My Fire† written by Robby Krieger, was a sure fire way to get into people’s minds. A few lyrics added by Jim Morisson caused some confusion within the band such as â€Å"No time to wallow in the mire. Try now. We can only lose, and our love becomes a funeral pyre...† According to N.P.R. reporter Guy Raz ‘â€Å"Light My Fire’ is a love song to a generation of iconoclasts where love ends in a pile of ash smoldering on a funeral pyre. In the fall of 1964 Jim Morrison met Ray Manzarek while attending while attending U.C.L.A. Later in the spring 1965 the boys add time-measure when drummer John Densmore joins the band. Now enabling them to cut a six song demo including â€Å"Moon Light Drive†, ï ¿ ½...

5 Paragraph Essay on Respect

5 Paragraph Essay on Respect 5 Paragraph Essay on Respect In every context, there are certain values that must be observed if peaceful co-existence is to be achieved. In today’s world, social interactions take place everywhere. In institutions of learning, for instance, students continually interact with each other, as well as their teachers and other staff. At home, interaction cannot be avoided, unless one lives alone. Similarly, in the workplace, managers place more emphasis on team work to facilitate the timely achievement of organizational objectives. Even the simplest form of interaction, which is the relationship between friends or spouses, calls for a strict observance of certain morals and values. These values range from honesty and co-operation to mutual respect. Although all of them are crucial to a successful interaction, it has become evident that respect is of paramount importance. The major reason why respect is core to a relational development is embedded in the fact that in every situation there is some sort of relational hierarchy, whether express or implied. In other words, at any given level of a relational environment, there has to be someone who is above the rest in terms of authority and responsibility. In employment, there has to be a supervisor or manager to whom everybody else is subordinate. Likewise, family units have a head, who conventionally is the man. In classrooms, the teacher is superior and commands the respect of his/her students. Equally, there are class heads or school captains who must be obeyed and respected by the other students. There is an old adage, that respect is earned. This statement is particularly common in marriages or romantic relationships. Marriage and relationship counselors often have to mediate between spouses who have quarreled or even fought. In this age of the independent woman, there is the contention that both husband and wife are equal in marriage. The wife will argue that since she, too, is contributing towards the fulfillment of family needs, she should have a voice on all matters. The same independence is behind the increasingly prevalent assertion that the husband should also take active roles in domestic chores. The typical man will term this as utter disrespect. Pursuant to the â€Å"respect is earned† theory, unnecessary family conflict will be avoided if both partners learn to respect each other. As the head, the husband ought to appreciate the effort his wife is making as a home-maker and a career woman. On the other hand, the wife should attempt to stick to the Biblical teaching of submitting to her husband. This way, the husband will feel respected. All in all, respect must be mutual. It is unrealistic and oppressive to expect submission if one treats others inhumanely. The give-and-take attitude holds true in this regard. Tips on five-paragraph essay writing: An essay on personal values such as respect must be approached with sincerity and a straightforward manner if it is to achieve its purpose of informing the reader. It is clear that all cultures emphasize the importance of respect. Nonetheless, one is easily swayed by one’s individual perception of who should respect whom, as influenced by one’s cultural background. In addition to this consideration, the essay should expressly aim to inform the audience that no one person is exempted from respecting others, regardless of his or her position or authority. Furthermore, if the essay is written in such a manner that it compares two people, it should implore both of them to respect each other. Perhaps you need a custom 5-paragraph essay written from scratch? Then you need to contact essay writing service now!

Six thousand women missing in top management job, does it matter Essay

Six thousand women missing in top management job, does it matter - Essay Example Burke and Vinnicombe (2006) contend that aging workforce and fewer new entrants has resulted in shortage of qualified leaders, forcing organizations to utilize and develop talents all of its employees. Under the circumstances they cannot afford to artificially limit the career possibilities of women. This itself implies that women are capable but are being denied the opportunities. Management diversity is defined as the proportion of women among the highest-ranking CEOs in firms and on boards of directors (Smith, Smith & Verner, 2006). Female managers are supposed to be best qualified in terms of education for top management posts and to be on the board of directors. Since experiences of women differ from that of men, a diverse board has more alternatives to choose from while taking decision. Women have a better understanding of certain segments and this could lend creativity and innovation to the work place. Women on board of directors have positive impact on firm performance which is the reason why it matters if six thousand women are missing in top management job. Even BBC who claims to be equal opportunity employers has only 10% of their senior staff as female. Despite women making advancements, the ‘glass ceiling’ effect still remains even though they have the desire to progress and posses the necessary educational qualifications (Cornelius & Skinner, 2006). Women have been found to be deficient in the management role and employers feel they should be able to make work their top priority without allowing emotions to interfere. There are other suggestions that women differ from men in their aspirations and expectations in career; they also differ in the definition of success. Some researchers observe that women change their life choices after reaching middle management level. These observations basically stem from men and employers as a means to discourage women from aspiring for the senior level management positions. The HRM

The Controversy of college students use Ritalin and Adderal Research Paper

The Controversy of college students use Ritalin and Adderal - Research Paper Example The research establishes the risks of using Ritalin and Adderall illegally and recommends the establishment of strict laws to limit the illegal acquisition and use of prescription drugs in colleges. Thesis: The Ritalin and Adderall are the prescription drugs with the prescript. Even though it can help student focus on studying and get a good grade, it brings the risks of using that illegally. The policy maker should pass new stringent standards to limit getting those ADHD drugs in campus and prevent using those drugs illegally. In the recent past, the rate of using Ritalin and Adderall drugs within colleges has increased considerably causing a wide research about the possible effects of these drugs. Even though there are some high school students use the Ritalin and Adderall for their academic, the nonmedical use of those prescription stimulants is more rampant in college. According to the result of the research â€Å"Non-medical use of prescription stimulants among US college student†, 4.1% to 10.8% of college students were reported that using prescription stimulant nomadically during 2012. Although the drugs may be beneficial while used to improve the grades of learners within the learning environment, especially for students with the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), it is clear that these drugs can be abused within the public domain hence have negative consequences (Partridge, Bell, Lucke & Hall, 2013). The fact that these drugs are now available outside the health facilities makes it a big challenge to control their abuse within the public. The Ritalin and Adderall are prescription drugs with the prescript. Even though it can help student focus on studying to get a better grade, there is the risk of using the drugs illegally. Ritalin and Adderall are psycho-stimulant drugs that are commonly administered to people with the