The Origin and Structure of our Universe Essay -- Physics Universe Spa

I suppose that the Universe we merchant ship observe and cognize consists of self-developing hierarchically co-subordinate and genetically relative systems of cosmic bodies. Each of the systems is distinguished by the qualitative state of substance composing its bodies but main evolution mechanisms be common to all the systems.What is common to all the systems? The central most massive physical structure of every system is a parental body for its younger members. The central massive body of every system at intervals conceives in its interiors new cosmic bodies to put them into initial (circum-parental) orbits. In other words, the central body of every system stimulates newborn bodies to move under their own momentum (along a heterosexual line) and to rotate about its axis due to its own gravitational attraction force. But the central gravitating body constantly and intensely loses its mass (photon and corpuscular). So, the orbits of newborn bodies are (must be) spiral-like rather than closed due to the law of universal gravitation. It means that newborn bodies move away from their parental body that is every system expands.It should be far-famed that every cosmic body is imponderable, i.e. it undergoes gravitational interaction with other bodies.What is the cause? The cause is that imponderability is provided by a certain orbital dictate of the body controlled by the law of universal gravitation. The rate depends on radius of the body orbit relative to the systems central body the more is the orbit radius, the less orbital rate the body needs to be imponderable. It can be seen from the motion of the Solar Systems planets, satellites of giant star planets and from the soils artificial satellites launched by man. The motion of both artificial satellites and cosmic bodies is governed by the same laws.I suppose that our Universe consists of hierarchically relative systems as followsThe first system the Origin - the central gravitating body of our Universe, a nd its born nuclei of super-galaxies (the Origin is non considered in the present work).The second system nuclei of super-galaxies and their born nuclei of galaxies.The third system nuclei of galaxies and their born stars. The fourth system stars and their born planets including giant planets, comets, meteorites.The fifth system giant planets and their born satellites, comets, meteorites.One specific feat... ...ycles, regularity in variations of the Earths biota and even its evolutionary orientation from simple to complex, from protozoans unicells to man. In other words, the genetic code of the Earth is recorded in the congealed layers. Its deciphering will provide us with an insight into the past and the upcoming of the Earth.In conclusion, a quick look at the future of the Earth as a planet. As it moves away from the Sun thus losing the supply of the Solar energy, the Earth will have to cool down. Its active geological processes will stop. The future of the Earth is the presen t of the Mars. But if my hypothesis is true, the future of the Earth is not so dismal. Penetrated beneath the lithosphere the man can be the owner of a huge bulk of treasures... as congealed layers of chemical elements. In other words, the humanity is provided by natural resourses. The problem is only how they can be extracted.Moreover, by defrosting elementary layers in the future, the humanity could revive the congealed Mars by regenerating its natural atmosphere and create conditions favourable for the existence. tally to V.Vernadsky, the humanity will really become the geological and cosmic force.

Speech Pathology in Practice -- Health Care

Speech Pathology In PracticeA language pathologist is a health professional, educated at university level in the study of human communication. Speech pathologists assess and treat a wide range of communication and feeding skills, including language, voice, terminology, fluency, feeding and swallowing and literacy (Private Speech Pathologists companionship of Western Australia, 2011, p. 1). They provide a wide range of services, mainly on an individual basis, but also as support for families, support groups, and providing information for the cosmopolitan public. Speech pathologists can work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, nursing homes, schools, community health centres, rehabilitation centres and private practice. In addition, the role of a speech pathologist is also to act as an advocate on behalf of people with communication disabilities (Speech Pathology Australia, 2012, p. 1). Human language is a unique mental equity and the consumption of language is deeply e ntrenched in human culture. Apart from being used to communicate and share information, it also has social and cultural uses, such as signifying ingrouping and identity (OConnor, 2010, p. 1). The term language is often used interchangeably with communication and even speech, but it is important to define these terms in the context of speech pathology. Language can be defined as code with structural properties characterized by a set of rules for producing and comprehending utterances (Nicolosi, Harryman, & Kresheck, 2004, p. 111). This is in contrast to speech a modal(a) of oral communication that employs a linguistic code (Nicolosi et al., 2004, p. 254) or communication any means by which an individual relates experiences, ideas, knowledge and feelings to another (N... ...ial Educational Needs, 8(1), 2-12. inside 10.1111/j.1471-3802.2008.00096.xPrivate Speech Pathologists Association of Western Australia. (2011, 27 February 2012). What does a speech pathologist do? , from http// www.pspawa.com.au/html/what_do_we_do.html - What%20does%20a%20Speech%20Pathologist%20doSnowling, M. J., & Hulme, C. (2012). Interventions for childrens language and literacy difficulties. International Journal of Language & discourse Disorders, 47(1), 27-34. doi 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2011.00081.xSpeech Pathology Australia. (2012). What is a speech pathologist? , from http//www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/library/1.1_What_is_a_Speech_Pathologist.pdfSteele, S., & Mills, M. (2011). Vocabulary intervention for school-age children with language impairment A review of evidence and good practice. pip-squeak Language Teaching and Therapy, 27(3), 354.

Mono Basin Volcanism Essay -- Geology Volcanoes Volcano Papers

Mono Basin VolcanismThe last basin in the Basin and Range beforehand the Sierra Nevada Mountain range is the Mono Basin. The Mono Basin consists of landforms such as the Mono-Inyo Craters, Black Point, Negit Island, Paoha Island, Mono Lake, Devils Punch Bowl, Panum Crater, and some others (Hamburger et al 2004). All of these landforms were created by volcanism. Actually, the Mono Basin is in one of the most volcanically active places in the world (Forest Service 2004). Paoha Island, Negit Island, and Panum Crater are the most recent volcanoes to erupt, which are the furthest spousal relationship in the basin. The volcanoes ages tend to get older the further south they are from Panum Crater with the exception of Paoha. Eruptions in the Mono Basin impart tended to occur in five hundred year intervals over the past two meter to three thousand years (Molossia 2004). Hot springs and fumeroles and other signs return that this area is still active (USDA 97). Though there has no t been any volcanic eruptions in the last six hundred years, there is still severalise of volcanic unrest in the Mono Basin area. (The Picture above compliments of USGS).The Mono Craters were all formed within the last forty thousand years. These craters are localized on a north-trending fissure system that starts at the south of Mammoth Mountain up through the western moat to the north shore of Mono Lake this system extends about fifty kilometers (USGS2004). There are thirty domes that formed together (Molossia2004). They were originally formed by the intrusion of a dike. About six hundred years ago when the magma began rising in the southern end of the Mono-Inyo Craters there was a series of eruptions and ground cracking. The dike was facing pages both hor... ...is Panum Crater that is six hundred and forty years old (Topinka2001). (Picture below compliments of USGS).SourcesMolossian Institute of Volcanology. Long Valley Caldera. 2004http//www.molossia.org.org/volcanol ogy/longvalley.htmlTopinka, Lyn. Mono-Inyo Craters. Last updated 11/09/01.http//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/livingwith/volcanicpast/places/volcanic_past_long_valey.html.U.S. Department of Agriculture. Mono Basin. National Forest Scenic Area. Inyo National Forest. 11/97.U.S Geological Survey. Long Valley Observatory Website. Mono Lake Area, California. 2004. http//lvo.wr.usgs.gov/Inyoeruptions/inyoflows.html http//lvo.wr.usgs.gov/history.htmlWood and Kienle, 1990, Volcanoes of North the States United States and CanadaCambridge University Press, 354p.,p.256-262.http//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/volcanoes/nevada/description_nevada.html

Moral and motivation report - Working with people in teams. Essay

Moral and motivation report - Working with people in teams. toll OF REFERENCE==================I Amanda Robinson, Assistant Personnel Manager with James Watt Hotel,have been asked by the Personnel Manager to submit a report on thesubject of Moral and Motivation indoors the organisation. This reportis a result of problems that have been highlighted by a preliminarysurvey conducted by an freelance body. hatch to be submitted by 28January 2003.PROCEDUREAfter studying the preliminary report I spent 2 weeks researching theproblem of Moral and Motivation within the hotel. My research took theform of observations and face-to-face interviews. Also researched werethe personnel records of staff within the hotel.My observations gave me insight into how staff interacted with eachother, management and our customers.Face- to- face interviews randomly selected from various departmentswithin the hotel gave me great insight into more detailed problems andgrievances felt by a number of staff.My re asoning for researching personnel records was to collectinformation on indicators of low clean-living such as level of absenteeism,level of grievances, incidence of complaints and the high level ofstaff turnover.FINDINGSThe following problems have been identified from the preliminarysurvey conducted by an independent body.* Staff believe they are over traveled.* Staff believe pay is low.* Staff believe promotion prospects are unforesightful.* Staff believe little/no learning is presumptuousness.* Staff believe they are not encouraged to air grievances.* Staff perceive a them and us attitude between them and management.* Staff believe communications are very formal.* Staff are touch that they are not consulted when new investments/equipment is ordered.* An analysis of customer complaints suggests unpleasant atmosphere miserable staff and poor service throughout the hotel.The survey also revealed a wide cross-section of managerial styles.Some members of management were only c oncerned about getting workcompleted, with no regard to the welfare of employees, some wereconcerned with only the welfare of employees with no concern for thestandard of work, and then a few were neither concerned for theemployees or the standard of work.After spending 2 weeks conducting my own rese... ...peak at length.It helps employees to unload problems and its believed that theemployee benefits psychologically. Outside agencies should be used togive the interviews to eliminate interviewer bias.EXIT INTERVIEWS- This is given when an employee is leaving theorganisation. This benefits the organisation as they receive a morehonest reply as the leaving employees feels he puke speak more easily.This can provide essential information on moral and motivationproblems throughout the hotel.CONCLUSIONSimply by making a few adjustment in our working procedures can havegreat impact on others. Simply by saying please and thank you can lifta persons spirits. At the end of the day the loser is the hotel, ascustomers just wont return. It is vital to remember that all changesmust be on going and monitored to judge their effectiveness. regainthat a happy customer will tell only 3 people, whereas an unhappycustomer will tell nine other people. For the continued achiever ofthis organisation we cannot ignore these problems.For clarity on any aspect of this report please do hesitate to contactmyself, Amanda Robinson, Assistant Personnel Manager, ext 1888

Affirmative Action, A Social Issue Essay -- Inequality Equality Minori

Affirmative Action, A mixer Issue The black rights and womens rights movements of the 1960s fought against injustice and discrimination that had been suffered by minorities for years (Hudson). In response, President Kennedy issued administrator Order 10925 in 1961, creating a citizens committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandating that projects financed by federal official funding would take favourable action to moderate that hiring and employment practices were free of racial warp (Hudson). Two more executive orders in 1965 and 1968 prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, and gender, giving the federal government the power to enforce this prohibition era (Hudson). However, in current times, affirmative action programs have suffered setbacks. Affirmative action in education has been abolished in Texas by court order, and in California and uppercase it has been terminated by public referendum (Bybee). Currently, t he main question concerning affirmative action is whether or not it is the best delegacy to combat inequality. Also What groups should or should not have affirmative action? When will the problem be solved and affirmative action no durable necessary? While the United States is dissever between 49% of citizens supporting affirmative action programs and 43% opposing them, many Americans have a touchy time even defining what affirmative action is (Gallup 2003). The term affirmative action includes laws, policies, and programs designed to reduce or eliminate inequality (Hudson). Inequality is in addition a difficult term to define, only if the fact that significantly fewer women and minorities enjoy high paying jobs, attend prestigious universities, and reside in sozzled neighborhoods m... ... of Michigan Sees 23% Decline in Minority Applicants. Black Issues in Higher Education. Reston 11 Mar 2004. Vol. 21, Iss. 2, p. 10. scholarly primary, print via internet, time-honoured Yetman, Norman. Race and Ethnicity. Sociology neighborly Foundations of Public Issues. Mc-Graw Hill 2003. scholarly primary, print, reputable Gallup Poll. N=1,385 adults nationwide (MoE 3), including, with oversamples, 821 non-Hispanic whites (MoE 4), 241 blacks (MoE 7), and 266 Hispanics (MoE 7). Interviewing was June 12-15, 2003, for non-Hispanic whites, and June 12-18, 2003, for blacks and Hispanics.Associated Press poll. Feb. 28-March 4, 2003. N=1,013 adults nationwide. MoE 3. Fieldwork by ICR.NBC News/Wall Street Journal Poll conducted by the polling organizations of Peter Hart (D) and Robert Teeter (R). Jan. 19-21, 2003. N=500 adults nationwide. Affirmative Action, A Social Issue Essay -- Inequality Equality MinoriAffirmative Action, A Social Issue The black rights and womens rights movements of the 1960s fought against injustice and discrimination that had been suffered by minorities for years (Hudson). In response, President Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 in 1961, creating a Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandating that projects financed by federal funding would take affirmative action to ensure that hiring and employment practices were free of racial bias (Hudson). Two more executive orders in 1965 and 1968 prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, and gender, giving the federal government the power to enforce this prohibition (Hudson). However, in current times, affirmative action programs have suffered setbacks. Affirmative action in education has been abolished in Texas by court order, and in California and Washington it has been terminated by public referendum (Bybee). Currently, the main question concerning affirmative action is whether or not it is the best way to combat inequality. Also What groups should or should not have affirmative action? When will the problem be solved and affirmative action no longer necessary? While the United States is di vided between 49% of citizens supporting affirmative action programs and 43% opposing them, many Americans have a difficult time even defining what affirmative action is (Gallup 2003). The term affirmative action includes laws, policies, and programs designed to reduce or eliminate inequality (Hudson). Inequality is also a difficult term to define, but the fact that significantly fewer women and minorities enjoy high paying jobs, attend prestigious universities, and reside in wealthy neighborhoods m... ... of Michigan Sees 23% Decline in Minority Applicants. Black Issues in Higher Education. Reston 11 Mar 2004. Vol. 21, Iss. 2, p. 10. scholarly primary, print via internet, reputableYetman, Norman. Race and Ethnicity. Sociology Social Foundations of Public Issues. Mc-Graw Hill 2003. scholarly primary, print, reputable Gallup Poll. N=1,385 adults nationwide (MoE 3), including, with oversamples, 821 non-Hispanic whites (MoE 4), 241 blacks (MoE 7), and 266 Hispanics (MoE 7). Interviewing was June 12-15, 2003, for non-Hispanic whites, and June 12-18, 2003, for blacks and Hispanics.Associated Press poll. Feb. 28-March 4, 2003. N=1,013 adults nationwide. MoE 3. Fieldwork by ICR.NBC News/Wall Street Journal Poll conducted by the polling organizations of Peter Hart (D) and Robert Teeter (R). Jan. 19-21, 2003. N=500 adults nationwide.

Affirmative Action, A Social Issue Essay -- Inequality Equality Minori

Affirmative Action, A Social Issue The black rights and womens rights movements of the 1960s fought against injustice and discrimination that had been suffered by minorities for years (Hudson). In response, President Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 in 1961, creating a Committee on Equal troth Opportunity and mandating that projects financed by federal reenforcement would take assentient execute to ensure that hiring and employment practices were free of racial bias (Hudson). Two more administrator orders in 1965 and 1968 prohibited discrimination establish on race, color, religion, national origin, and gender, giving the federal government the power to enforce this prohibition (Hudson). However, in current times, affirmative serve programs have suffered setbacks. Affirmative go through in education has been abolished in Texas by court order, and in California and Washington it has been terminated by existence referendum (Bybee). Currently, the main qu estion concerning affirmative action is whether or not it is the best way to combat inequality. Also What groups should or should not have affirmative action? When will the problem be single-minded and affirmative action no longer necessary? While the United States is divided between 49% of citizens funding affirmative action programs and 43% debate them, many Americans have a difficult time even defining what affirmative action is (Gallup 2003). The term affirmative action includes laws, policies, and programs designed to reduce or eliminate inequality (Hudson). Inequality is also a difficult term to define, but the fact that significantly fewer women and minorities enjoy high paying jobs, view prestigious universities, and reside in wealthy neighborhoods m... ... of Michigan Sees 23% Decline in Minority Applicants. Black Issues in Higher Education. Reston 11 Mar 2004. Vol. 21, Iss. 2, p. 10. studious primary, print via internet, reputableYetman, Norman. Race and Ethnici ty. Sociology Social Foundations of Public Issues. Mc-Graw Hill 2003. scholarly primary, print, reputable Gallup Poll. N=1,385 adults nationwide (MoE 3), including, with oversamples, 821 non-Hispanic whites (MoE 4), 241 blacks (MoE 7), and 266 Hispanics (MoE 7). Interviewing was June 12-15, 2003, for non-Hispanic whites, and June 12-18, 2003, for blacks and Hispanics.Associated crush out poll. Feb. 28-March 4, 2003. N=1,013 adults nationwide. MoE 3. Fieldwork by ICR.NBC News/ groyne Street Journal Poll conducted by the polling organizations of Peter Hart (D) and Robert Teeter (R). Jan. 19-21, 2003. N=500 adults nationwide. Affirmative Action, A Social Issue Essay -- Inequality Equality MinoriAffirmative Action, A Social Issue The black rights and womens rights movements of the 1960s fought against injustice and discrimination that had been suffered by minorities for years (Hudson). In response, President Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 in 1961, creating a Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandating that projects financed by federal funding would take affirmative action to ensure that hiring and employment practices were free of racial bias (Hudson). Two more executive orders in 1965 and 1968 prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, and gender, giving the federal government the power to enforce this prohibition (Hudson). However, in current times, affirmative action programs have suffered setbacks. Affirmative action in education has been abolished in Texas by court order, and in California and Washington it has been terminated by public referendum (Bybee). Currently, the main question concerning affirmative action is whether or not it is the best way to combat inequality. Also What groups should or should not have affirmative action? When will the problem be solved and affirmative action no longer necessary? While the United States is divided between 49% of citizens supporting affirmative action programs and 43% opposing them, many Americans have a difficult time even defining what affirmative action is (Gallup 2003). The term affirmative action includes laws, policies, and programs designed to reduce or eliminate inequality (Hudson). Inequality is also a difficult term to define, but the fact that significantly fewer women and minorities enjoy high paying jobs, attend prestigious universities, and reside in wealthy neighborhoods m... ... of Michigan Sees 23% Decline in Minority Applicants. Black Issues in Higher Education. Reston 11 Mar 2004. Vol. 21, Iss. 2, p. 10. scholarly primary, print via internet, reputableYetman, Norman. Race and Ethnicity. Sociology Social Foundations of Public Issues. Mc-Graw Hill 2003. scholarly primary, print, reputable Gallup Poll. N=1,385 adults nationwide (MoE 3), including, with oversamples, 821 non-Hispanic whites (MoE 4), 241 blacks (MoE 7), and 266 Hispanics (MoE 7). Interviewing was June 12-15, 2003, for non-Hispanic whites, and June 12-18, 2003, for blacks and Hispanics.Associated Press poll. Feb. 28-March 4, 2003. N=1,013 adults nationwide. MoE 3. Fieldwork by ICR.NBC News/Wall Street Journal Poll conducted by the polling organizations of Peter Hart (D) and Robert Teeter (R). Jan. 19-21, 2003. N=500 adults nationwide.

Economics; question and answer Essay

Introduction foreland 1 contend unrest in Middle East has negatively impacted on the set and sum of oil in the grocery. The expectation of war from Syria and Iraq to spread to Middle East countries cause fear of possible shortages of supply as people may by chance do without oil. As a result people will buy more to store in preparation for future shortages. As the demand increases, terms of oil goes up as people anticipate war unrest in the near future. When in the end the war sets in oil production is break but people do not demand more since they had enough to cushion the scarcity (Kemp, 2013). In the graph representative be down in the mouth, assuming the market was ab initio at the equilibrium. Since scarcity is expected in future people will by more ( tall demand) to sp ar for future. As the demand increase from 150 units to 350 units, the price also increases accordingly from $0.25 to $ 0.35.Graphical illustration question 2Car and petro are praising trusty that are c onsumed together. Taxation on one of the complimentary products greatly influences the price of the other good. The increase in price of one good causes a corresponding decrease in the price of the other good and vice versa. For pillow slip, taxing petrol increase its price, leading to high demand for high provide efficient cars. Increase in demand for high fuel efficient cars results to increased price and vice versa. On the other hand increase in price for petrol leads to decrease in demand for low fuel efficient cars thus leading to their low price (Dwivedi, 2012). Many thus will buy high fuel efficient cars.Graphical illustration.Question 3The fact that suppliers cannot sell live chicken directly to consumers coupled with the fear of mass death due to anticipated chicken flu results to high supply in the market. When supply increases beyond demand the price falls down. In addition since the health official are the only buyers a monopolistic competition comes into play since th e price for chicken is not control by the market forces of demand and supply (Taylor, & Weerapana, 2012). The equilibrium the will shift to the right.Graphical illustrationQuestion 4Price ginger snap of demand is the measure of responsive of the quantity demanded of a product to price change with other factors held ( Dwivedi, 2012).Price pushover of Demand (PEoD) = percentage change in quantity demanded (%Q) percentage change in price (%P)%Q = 35 -50 / 50 100= -30%%P = 8 -6 / 6 100= 33.33%Therefore, PEoD = -30 %/ 33.33%= -0.900As economists we are not interested with the negative sign of our price elasticity of demand and therefore we take the absolute value. Therefore, the price elasticity of demand when price increases from $6 to $ 8 is 0.9.Interpretation.For the above case the demand for the good is price inelastic. This means that the demand for the product does not respond extremely ton price changes. As evident in the computation, an increase of price by 33.3 % of the pr ice results to a corresponding decrease of quantity demanded by 30%. The demand thus is not very sensitive to price changes.Question 5(a)Externality is an effect or a cost of the consumer behavior that may not be borne by the consumer but by the society. This mean s that the effects are caused by the consumer but the society bears the consequences.Tobacco smoking is among the activities that cause externalities. For spokesperson narcotic in tobacco is believed to cause lung cancer to smokers. However the external cost of providing medical care to smokers is borne by non-smokers, by smokers and the government. Additionally environmental taint due to smoking is borne by the family members of the smokers friends and even non-smokers strangers. Moreover, smoking has environmental externalities that involve deforestation to create room for tobacco growing. Agrochemical used in tobacco production also adds to environmental pollution and degradation. Cigarette wastes are common in all ci ties, sidewalks and around homes. Although majority of these wastes are biodegradable, the filter and fictile wrappers and hang in in the environment for long and the consequences of much(prenominal) pollution are felt by the larger society.Question 5(b)The Australian government in its stress to control and minimize the external costs resulting from tobacco imposes high tax on tobacco. High taxation on tobacco increases the cost and as a result the demand for tobacco decreases. The tax imposed is transferred by producers to the consumers (smokers). When this happens, the demand curve will shift from right to left as indicated in the graph.Question 6When entry barriers are eliminated in the market huge number of firms enters the industry resulting to excessive supply of commodities. In a market where entry barriers are limited the price of commodities is determined by the market forces since no firm has control over the market. Excessive supply that is created results to low pric es of goods and services offered. In solution the price the price goes down due to competition from other firm. As a result, the profit that firms were making initially decreases due.Graphical illustrationQuestion 7Oligopolistic market structures is a type of market where by small number of larger firms control the market jointly. The firms trade in almost similar goods.Oligopolistic firms do not engage in price competetion (Vives, 2001). Basing our argument on the game theory where the actions one firm depend on those of other firms, it is evident that when for instance one firm lowers its price compared to other firms, customers will be attracted by the lower prices resulting to other firms making economical loss in their operation. In reply to this the other will lower their price slighted below the initial firm eventually attracting the customers. The other firms in the market will make loss and eventually respond by making their prices much lower compared to other firms. This process continues until the firms sell at economically a low price that is illustrated by kinked curves (Vives, 2001).There to remain competitive and make profit do not engage in price competition.Alternatives to price completionOligopolistic firms compete by using alternative modes such as advertisement, product differentiation and barrier to entry in the market. Oligopolistic firms undertake a vigorous advertisement of their products both in national and international levels. ad is made to make potential customers aware of the existence of the product in the market and the good qualities associated with such good and services (Taylor & Weerapana, 2012). Advertisement is carried out through with(predicate) mass media and product promotion.In addition oligopolistic firms constantly differentiate their products in terms of quality and always struggle to come up with new products externalise that outshine those of competitors. In the recent era, product differentiation has been en hanced by ever-growing technology and innovation. Since oligopolistic firms compete in almost similar goods and services coming up with new products with good qualities gives a firm advantage over its market rivals. For instance, phones manufacturing firms have constantly developed phone with new applications to remain competitive.Furthermore, the firms create market entry barriers to new firms, a strategy that undertakes that the existing share of market. The common market barriers include the patent rights, important government franchises and the existing economies of scale. These are the barriers that ensure the market is not flooded by many firms, which in the end may reduce the existing firms share of the market control.ReferencesDwivedi, D. N. (2012). Microeconomics. New Delhi, India Pearson Education/Dorling Kindersley.Kemp, G. (2013). War with Iran Political, military, and economic consequences. Lanham, Maryland Rowman & Littlefield PublishersTaylor, J. B., & Weerapana, A . (2012). Principles of microeconomics. Mason, OH South- Western Cengage LearningVives, X. (2001). Oligopoly pricing Old ideas and new tools. Cambridge, Mass. u.a. MIT Press

Compare and Contrast Classical Greece and Han China Essay

From 600 BCE to 600 CE, known as the classical period, Greece and Han china began to develop. These conglomerates were extremely alpha and successful. However, despite their success, Classical Greece and Han China had study identicalities and differences in their political, technological and economic/environmental views. These societies were similar in the fact that they emphasized certain buildings being built, such(prenominal) as urban centers, or universities. twain built systems to make certain aspects of vitality easier as well. The Greeks built aqueducts and the Chinese built a system of roads within their confederacy. They were both also similar in the fact that both civilizations experienced population growth during the classical period, which take to expansion. Although they had multiple similarities, these societies had their differences as well.Politically, Greece was not unified they were divided into separate city-states, where as China was unified. Technologic ally, The Greeks focused more on building up their army and staying strong, while the Chinese worked on products that could improve their everyday lives, and had less to do with the protective covering of their civilization. Also, they differed economically/environmentally. Greeces main items of trading were grapes and wine, Chinas main export was silk. Although they had many similarities, Classical Greece and Chinas differences outweighed these similarities.Politically, these societies had major differences. Greece was not unified, and was confused into separate city-states. Each city-state was called a Polis. Each Polis included an urban center and its rural territory, an acropolis, agora, public buildings/establishments and fortified walls. Each Polis was also unique and different because they create independently. Things in each Polis such as traditions, economies,religions and political systems were different. A different person was the ruler of each Polis. Poliss also had a different, distinct make believe of government as well.In Han China, they were not divided China was unified by Shi Huang Di. Since the empire was unified, they were able to focus on bigger and more important political advancements. The entire empire followed Confucian philosophy, which believed that deep down, humans were capable of doing good deeds. They had a standardized currency for trade, which made it easier for trading to take place. The empire even had a Civil Service system which wasnon-existent in Greece.The Civil Service system was put in charge of duties that regulated the corporation and unploughed it in balance. They also conducted the Civil Service Exams, which a citizen could take in order to move up in society. This was Chinas form of complaisant mobility. However, these civilizations had slight similarities. Both societies stressed the importance of having certain buildings constructed, such as urban centers and universities. These buildings were highly import ant for these civilizations because they helped the societies carry out the values that were important to them. urban centers killered a place to meet, while universities were a site where one could go to become more knowledgeable.Technologically, these civilizations were also different. The technologies that they were able to develop or that were important to them was found primarily on their location geographically. In Classical Greece, they focused on building up a strong military base to fend off the surrounding civilizations of Egypt, Persia (Turkey) and Rome. They did this by developing their technologies in things such as ship building, training skilled sailors, and developing their navy for trading and fighting. However in Han China, they were furthermost less concerned about their military/army base because they only had to worry about their nomadic neighbors They had time to develop technologies such as the cross-bow, the maiden seismograph (the tool that is used for p redicting earthquakes), they built A LOT of roads, specialized in paper making, and they also popularized silk.The popularization of silk was very important because it was the main product that China used for trade The Chinese even made their paper out of wood bark, which is partly how we make ours in todays society This shows how technologically advanced Han China really was. Despite these immense differences, Classical Greece and Han China had a few similarities. Both societies built certain systems that made life easier for their society.In Classical Greece, they built aqueducts, which were brick water pipes. These pipes were used to hug drug water throughout the society. In Han China, a system of roads was built. These roads made it easier to transport goods for trade, and had other uses as well. Although the actual technologies may restrain been different, the one goal that they shared was similar- to make life easierFrom the economic/environmental point of view, Greece and H an China had rough major differences. Geographically, Greece was a peninsula. They had access to many natural harbors, and Han China did not, along the Silk Road of Han China, people often died of thirst. Greece was also wasnt far from societies such as Egypt, Persia and Rome. Being so close allowed for cultural diffusion to be present in Greece. Classical Greeces major trade products were grapes and wine. They often traded these to get the goods that they needed. Greece even had events such as the Olympic Games.The Olympics even brought the divided city-states together for a brief time, despite rivalries they might have had In Han China, their society was based on agriculture. However, in Greece, the land wasnt fertile enough to farm. This was a major difference since agriculture was such an important part to Chinas society Another big difference between the two was the Silk Road. It was Chinas source of trade, and they often traded their main export, silk on the Silk Road. Despit e all of the products the Silk Road gave China, such as horses (Chinas most desired product), it also came with a down side.Many diseases were spread on the Silk Road from Europe This resulted in diseases coming fend for to Han China, they didnt just stay on the Silk Road Despite their major differences economically/environmentally, there were some similarities. One of these similarities was that both civilizations experienced population growth, which led to expansion. The Han period in China was mostly a period of population growth, expansion, and migration This was the same for Greece. These societies were doing so well in terms of trade, and being able to run the population and become more advanced led to this population growthIt is a great achievement that these civilizations were able to last so long despite all of the hardships they were faced with such as disease and invasions. Yet, they were so advanced for their time that they seemed untouchable Greece and Han China were mostly different despite their civilizations lasting so long and being so successful.Their ways politically, technologically, and economically/environmentally worked for whatever problems that they were exposed to where they lived, which is what made them prosper. Their views also shaped the legacy that they would leaveon the solid ground Especially in terms of things that we use today such as road systems and paper making These advancements are the things that are so important, and still have us learning about Classical Greece and Han China today

Developmental homology between man and animal Essay

tally to Owen R (1848) as cited in one of the lecture notes, homology quarter be specify as the structural correspondingities comprise in species. consort to him the organisms had a common ancestor hence a common plan was utilise to create them. For instance, proteins gull a universal communic suit subject code in all species. It is believed that the common ancestor had a quasi(prenominal) heritable code hence the premise that species such as patch and zoology had a common ancestor. This has been used in the explanation of why beast and service hu objet dart race flip about aforementioned(prenominal) physiologic processes such as respiration and reproduction. worldly concern and wight have been found to have homogeneous plasma membrane. The plasma membrane has a phospholipids layer that is similar in two species hence strengthening the hypothesis that cosmos and animal have a common ancestry. Man and frog for instance have pentadactyl limbs. These atomic nu mber 18 five digit limbs hence providing physical pieceifest of this common ancestor. Towels J and Nelson P. (1997), fightd that before Darwin came into the picture, homology was morphologically defined using intelligent designs.It is then cited that Darwin modified the homology judgment by introducing theories about common ancestry hence making it possible to understand the theory of homologous exploitation. It rendered the intelligent design impossible. Acccording to findings found in the school text Accuracy Society Organization it is argued that before homology came into the picture, the argument about the surmise of species coming from a common ancestor was not plain on the table. According to Szarki (1949), Darwin only introduced the basics about homology and then umpteen scientists were able to pick it from there and modify the concepts.According to search carried out by Geosciences Research contribute (1976), Man and animal were related structurally, physiologi cly, biochemically and embyologically. This is a homologous sign that supports the theory of earthly concern and animal originating from a common ancestor. According to an article in Was Darwin Right? website, evolution biologists argued that the homologous theory was the most powerful source of evidence of evolution since 1859. According to Jones E S (2003-2006), differences between man and ape ar not explained.Scientists only argue about the issue of common ancestry. Evolution is basically seen as a item and not a theory. According to information self-collected from Agnosticism/atheism article, homologous structures enabled scientists and evolution biologists to trace the evolution tree of divergent species. Structural similarities The homologous limbs found in man and animal enabled to be classified as animals in general. This illustrated that they originated from a common ancestor hence explaining the homologous evolution theory.This illustrated that the pattern of bones in the workforce of man and the wings of the bat were similar but defended contrasting roles which went on to confirm the theory of homologous evolution. It is believed that they had to come from the same ancestor for them to video display such similarities. A good example is in a family where children look exactly like their p arents. Similarity in development of the embryo. The embryos of both man and animal have been found to develop in a similar track hence lending weight to the theory of homologous evolution. Physiological pathwaysMan and animal have been found to share physiological processes hence the argument that they have a common ancestor. According to Fiscer W F, animals have been found to share physiological processes such as cell respiration, the generation of energy, and even the growth process. (p. 372). This argument basically focuses on the day to day physiological processes such as live and the generation of energy. Man and animal have structures that have a similar function hence enabling them to breath in a similar manner. It is believed that the living process of man and chimpanzee is indistinguishable.This fact is overly used to give credence to the theory of homologous evolution. In addition, their growth and reproductive processes are also similar. Both man and animal have different gestation periods but of similar nature. It takes nine months for man to give birth while in any(prenominal) animals like elephants it takes two years to do the same. They share similar reproduction process and it also involves the embryo. Man and animal have been found to have take out glands in their sytem. this explains why after birth they are able to breastfeed their young ones. The young one of man and animals such as cow continuously suck milk from their mothers tits.This again points to likelihood of a common ancestry and this gives even more weight to the theory of homologous evolution. These physiological factors are commonly found in man and animals. They also use related metabolic pathways in the process of generating energy. The liver is seen as the organ that plays a role in the production of energy in man and animal. The process of glycolysis takes go down in the liver hence leading to the generation of energy. Information gathered on Glycolysis describes it as process that takes place in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.According to research done on Metabolic Pathways, chemical reactions were found to be taking place in cells hence the Biochemical relationship. The structures and functions of the cells found in man and animal are found to be similar. This can be illustrated by the presence of chromosomes which are found in deoxyribonucleic acid in both man and animal. The organisms structure and functions depend on DNA and is determined by the genetic code located in the DNA molecule. The classification system always put homologous organisms c brook together.Darwin as cited by Wells J (2000) was able to explain the evolution theory using the homologous trait found in different organisms. Aristotle, as cited by Wells J (2000) had earlier observe that different organisms had the same similarities in that they performed the same functions. The different organisms had functional similarities. He also noticed the structural similarities between different organisms. The structures had similar patterns but were able to perform different functions. This is described as homologous evolution theory and it is the most preferred theory used in explaining evolution.Similarly, forelimbs of both man and animal have been found to have a similar pattern bone patterns yet they perform different functions. Man uses his hands to grasp things while a bat uses its wings to fly. The wings found in bats and the hands of man have similar bone structure hence explaining the evolution theory efficiently. There also skeletons have similar features. Even if they have structural similarities that perform different fu nctions, they are regarded as warm blooded mammals and they also have the ability to produce milk.All these facts point to the homologous evolution. Man and animals have different external appearances but their forelimbs are found to be homologous. Homolgous trait was hence defined as a trait of different organisms which have a common ancestor. It went on to explain that man and animal were of the same ancestry even if their forelimbs performed different functions. Similarities in strictures between man and animal According to study make by the Answers in Genesis Organization, homology has been used by botanists to describe organisms with similar structures.A good example is the pattern of bones in the forelimbs man and animal are similar but they conduct different functions. Various questions have been raised about the similarities in the pattern of the bones. One of the possible theories is that man and animal do have a common ancestor. The bones found in arms of humans have a s imilar structural pattern with bone found in the wings, of a bat. This is described as homologous trait even if they serve different functions. These similarities mean that they have a common ancestor hence explaining the developmental homology between man and animal.They even argue that they were created using a common plan hence the similarities in structures. The hand of a human and that of a chimpanzee are classified as homologous structures. human relationship of blood groups in man and animal Darwin as cited by Sohail K suggested that man and animal also have similar behaviors. The children of human beings always play a throne more so when they feel happy and are healthy. The young and healthy animals who feel happy also play a lot and they can seem to fight sometimes. A good example is that illustrated by puppies or kittens.Puppies and kittens are found to be truly playful. They both show that they can be able to be happy and enjoy good life and they can be able to play. T hese common behaviors found in both man and animal further provides evidence of homologous evolution. Animals like humans can also be sad and afraid. This can be illustrated by the way they both react when in danger. Their muscles tremble and the heart beat faster hence the reason why they always flee from danger. Animals also feel sad when they lose a dear member of the family and most take care of the offspring(s) left behind.Darwin as cited by Sohail K suggested that both man and animal had a similar embryo. Similarities in the brain capacity of man and animal was also put into perspective hence further confirming the homologous evolution theory this illustrates that both man and animal share mental functions. These facts illustrate that both man and animal had a common ancestor hence the similarities in structures and behaviours. These traits are only found in organisms that share a common ancestor. Physiological processes Both man and animal share physiological function such as eating, digestion and so forth.They both have to put food through their mouth which is a common trait. According to the article published by Science and Evolution, man and some animals were found to have similar organs in their body. Some of the organs include the liver, appendix, and also the intestines. This illustrates that they were from a common ancestor hence a steady argument about homologous evolution. The liver play a similar role in both man and animal in the process glycolysis. Glycolysis pathway has been found in both man and animal hence further providing evidence of them having a common ancestor in the family tree.The study starts by metaphor that homologous structures basically mean similar structures hence very master(prenominal) when it comes to the topic about evolution. Fossils. According to an article on Fossils and Evolution, fossils have been defined as prehistoric remains of organisms. As cited by Gore J. W. P, William, Smith in the 17th century was able t o discover that fossils piled in sedimentary rocks in a vertical order in the whole world. This was an important clue in the explanation of the process of evolution. The fossil species were able to appear and disappear in different times.This illustrated that those species used to look for favorable environments in order to survive. They move from unfavorable places to those places tat they could survive. The recovered fossils of both man and animal have been found to be similar in appearances. Some animals fossils showed that they had a dental formula similar to those of humans hence providing evidence of homologous evolution in man and animal. The rocks found in the surfaces the earth have been found to be having animal remains. These animal remains have been described as fossils.These fossils have been used to explain and prove that there is a similarity between animal and man. They have been able to use these fossils evidences in order to determine the pattern of evolution. The fossils have been used to explain homologous evolution which suggested that animal and man had similar structures which performed different functions hence shared a common ancestor. According to research findings published in All about Creation article (2002-2008), fossils have been found to be buried in a sequential manner. This enabled the scientists to explain effectively the theory of evolution. Molecular homologyAccording to the study published by the University of Waikato, it was found that living organisms have similar genetic code pointing again to a common ancestor. This evidence can also be used in man and dog. They have the same genetic codes . The bases responsible for molecular homology include are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. These bases are found in man and animals. These bases are able to encode instructions using a chemical language hence making the organisms respond to the instructions such as reproduction. The bases combine hence instructing the cells responsible to use amino acids to manufacture proteins .these manufactured proteins enable the cells to function. Without the proteins the organism has no life in it. The similarities in the genetic codes hence provide evidences of man and dog having a common ancestor. Fossils were used by scientists to prove that organisms changed from time to time. They did this by examining them and trying to determine their ages. This was very important in the study of evolution. They compared the theories of common ancestry, the structural similarities, the biochemical similarities, and the way the organisms developed.They were able to prove that man and animals had a common ancestor even if the organisms changed from time to time. They argued that man and bat had a common ancestor. The forelimbs of man and bat have similar bone patterns hence possible prove of common ancestry. They even used biochemistry to argue illustrate their theories. They singled out cytochrome c, which is a protein foun d in both man and animal. cytochrome c assists in anaerobic respiration. The similarity in cytochrome c in both man and animal helps in explaining the theory of homologous evolution.It illustrates that man and animal have a common ancestor. Conclusion According to evidence illustrated in this research paper, conclusions can be made regarding the developmental homology in animal and man in relation to evolution. There are similarities in structures in man and animal. These structures do perform different functions but they have similar bone pattern. An example to support the claim is the similar bone pattern in the hands of man and the wings of bat. They have a similar pattern but serve different functions. Man uses hand to grasp while bat uses wings to fly.This illustrates that man and animal have a common ancestor hence supporting the process of homologous evolution in man and animal. They also have similar physiological processes such as reproduction and respiration. Similarities in reproduction can be explained by the similarities in the embryos of man and animal and also by the different gestation periods they have and their ability to produce milk. Man, cow and dog can be able to produce milk for their young ones. This has been seen happening physically when mothers are breastfeeding their babies. Young calves have also been seen sucking tits of cows for milk.Man and cow plus other animals have mammary glands which are responsible for the production of milk. This fact enabled many evolution biologists put their arguments on the table about the possibility of man and animal having a common ancestor and they were able to convince many with their argument. Man and animal are believed to have a single ancestor hence the similarities in some of the characteristics. This makes the theory of them having a common ancestor possible. Man and animal have similar physiological pathways that produce energy and also their breathing pattern is the same.Chromosomes have also been found in the DNA of man and animal hence chromosomal similarities hence high chances of them having a common ancestor. The study has also led to the conclusion that man and animal could be having same blood groups. This is due to detection of A and B antigens in the saliva of horses. Fossils have also been used to explain homologous evolution in man and animal. Different fossils have been discovered with the almost similar formula as that of man. The dental formula of man and dog differ slightly hence the possibility of them having a common ancestor.Man and animal have also been found to have similar behaviours. When still young they play a lot and they are always happy when they enjoy life. both man and animal become sad when hey lose a loved one and the always take the responsibility of taking care of the orphans . these similarities lead to the conclusion that there is a man and animal have a common ancestor. Homologous structures are therefore very important in the il lustrations of evolution theory.References Agnosticism/atheism retrieved on December 6, 2008 from http//atheism. about.com/library/glossary/evolution/bldef_analogous. htm All about creation organisation. Fossil tell apart for Evolution retrieved on December 6, 2008 from http//www. allaboutcreation. org/fossil-evidence-for-evolution-faq. htm Brand R (1976). Geoscience Research Institute. Homologies. Retrieved on December 6, 2008 from http//search. bio-medicine. org/more. asp? m=evolution Evolution. Evidences from living organisms retrieved on December 6, 2008 from http//bioweb. cs. earlham. edu/9-12/evolution/HTML/live. html Fischer F. W. P. (1997) Trace element in both animal and man9. USA. NRC Research

Distinguish between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping Essay

Problem- focus coping Problem-foc physical exertiond coping is attempting to alleviate tension directly either by changing the tense upor or the authority we interact with that stressor, Problem-focused coping, targets the causes of stress in practical ways which tackles the problem or stressful situation that is causing stress, consequently directly reducing the stress. Problem focused coping aim to remove or reduce the cause of the stressor. (McLeod, Stress Management Problem Focused Coping with Stress. , 2010) For example, the way classmates deal with stressors like exams , you grass see a range of different coping responses. Some classmates will pace around or worry about it, others will revise, or rally their teachers for clues. Problem-focused strategies includeTaking Control this response involves changing the relationship between yourself and the source of stress. Examples escaping from the stress or removing the stress. Information seeking is the most rational action . This involves the nerve-racking to understand the situation (e.g. using the internet) and putting into place cognitive strategies to avoid it in future. Information seeking is a cognitive response to stress. Evaluating the pros and cons of different options for relations with the stressor. In general problem-focused coping is dress hat, as it removes the stressor, and so deals with the root cause of the problem, providing a long term solution. However, it is not always best, or possible to use problem-focused strategies. For example, when someone dies, problem-focused strategies may not be really helpful for the bereaved. Dealing with the feeling of loss requires emotion-focused coping.Problem focused approached will not wrick in any situation where it is beyond the individuals control to remove the source of stress. They work best when the person can control the source of stress (e.g. exams, work based stressors etc.). It is not a productive method for all individuals. For example, not all people are able to take control of a situation. People with low self-esteem typically use emotion focused coping strategies. Emotion-focused coping. Emotion-focused coping Involves trying to reduce the negative emotional responses associated with stress such as embarrassment, fear, anxiety, depression, excitement and frustration. This may be the only realistic option when the source of stress is outside the persons control. Drug therapy can be seen as emotionfocused coping as it focuses on the arousal caused by stress not the problem. Emotion-focused strategies include Keeping yourself busy to take your thought off the issue Letting off steam to other people Praying for guidance and strength Ignoring the problem in the hope that it will go away Distracting yourself (e.g. TV, eating) Building yourself up to expect the worseEmotion-focused strategies are often less effective than using problem-focused methods. For example, Epping-Jordan et al (Epping-Jordan, 1994) found that patients with cancer who used avoidance strategies, e.g. denying they were very ill, deteriorated more quickly then those who faced up to their problems. The same pattern exists in relation to dental health and financial problems. It does not provide a long term solution. However, they can be a good choice if the source of stress is outside the persons control for example a terrorist attack. There are Gender differences women tend to use more emotion-focused strategies then men (Billings, 1981) It also may have negative side effects as it delays the person dealing with the problem. (McLeod, Emotion Focused Coping., 2009) My basic outlook on life and how does it impacts on my ability to contend with stress According to the study by Meyer Friedman, Ray Rosenman, and their colleagues (friedman, 1984) I am a type B personality so less prone to heart problems, I have always been an voiced person and an optimist.In my coping with stress I think I use the problem-focused copi ng most times, as I have always been a muscularly big person so with that confidence I was never afraid to grab the bull by the horns so to speak and directly try to work things out, also I have been into the healthy lifestyle and gyms since the age of fifteen. my social support is good and I do have a lot of dear friends and keep in touch with them regularly, my family is with me most times (sons, daughter, sister and brother )so I think that my ability to cope with stress is excellent Some stress minimizing and management methods are suffice, relaxation, mediation, biofeedback and spirituality Exercise exercise is your shortest route to a feeling of well-being and a physical glow. Everyone knows that exercise is good for you and that it is one of the best stress combatants available Not only does it keep the heart healthy and get type Ointo the system, but it helps deplete stress hormones and releases mood-enhancing chemicals which help us cope with stress better. Relaxation Rel axation is more than a state of mind it physically changes the way your body functions.When your body is relaxed breathing slows, blood pressure and oxygen consumption decrease, and some people report an increased sense of well-being. This is called the relaxation response. Being able to produce the relaxation response using relaxation techniques may counteract the effects of long-term stress, which may contribute to or worsen a range of health problems including depression, digestive disorders, headaches, high blood pressure, and insomnia Mediation surmise can give you a sense of calm, peace and balance that benefits both your emotional well-being and your overall health. And these benefits dont end when your meditation academic term ends. Meditation can help carry you more calmly through your day and can even improve certain medical conditions.The emotional benefits of meditation include Gaining a new perspective on stressful situations, Building skills to manage your stress, I ncreasing self-awareness, Focusing on the present, Reducing negative emotions Spirituality question shows that people who are more religious or spiritual use their spirituality to cope with life, In her new book, The SuperStress Solution, Dr. Roberta Lee devotes a section to the progeny of spirituality and prayer. Notes ,Dr. Lee. Theyre better able to cope with stress, they heal faster from illness, and they experience increased benefits to their health and well-being. On an intellectual level, spirituality connects you to the world, which in call on enables you to stop trying to control things all by yourself. When you feel part of a greater whole, its easy to understand that you arent responsible for everything that happens in life.Among the research she cites is one study of approximately 126,000 people that found that the people who frequently attended services increased their odds of living by 29 percent. Another study conducted by the National Institute for Health Care Rese arch (NIHR) illustrated that the Canadian college students who were connected to their campus ministries visited doctors less often and were less stressed during herculean times than the other students. The students who had strong religious correlations also had higher positive feelings, lower levels of depression, and were better equipped at handling stress. (a) I employ exercise and relaxation for stress relief,and I use the problem-focusedcoping most times to directly address any stressful situation I encounterBibliographyBillings, A. G. (1981). The function of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. . Journal of Behavioral Medicine,, 13 539-547. Epping-Jordan, J. A. (1994). Predictors of cancer progression in young adult men and women Avoidance, prying thoughts, and psychological symptoms. Health Psychology. McLeod, S. A. (2009). Emotion Focused Coping. http//www.simplypsychology.org/emotion-focused-coping.html. McLeod, S. A. (2010). St ress Management Problem Focused Coping with Stress. . http//www.simplypsychology.org/problem-focused-coping.html.

Belief Fact Infer

There is this one belief that I feel strongly about and that is religion. I believe that it is important to have a religion. A religion where you can rely on, where in your faith is based on having belief towards God. Religion is a mans expression of his acknowledgement of the divine. Throughout the ages and throughout the world, people have been baffled by the unknown and the mysteries of life for which they have no do answer. As I look around and observe the magnificent things, I can re wholey say to myself that how awesome is he who created the heavens and the earth.I can unfeignedly say to myself that there is someone up there, who is greater than us and omnipotent. There are times that I try to figure out things but the rightfulness is I cannot fathom it thus, that is how religion came in. But there is one thing that I have great doubts with, and that is if Religion is still important today as it was before? Are the religious convictions still present in this generation? Many people nowadays are much busier than before. They are too thoughtless with other things such as money, success, fame, treasures and material possessions.And even if they do not religiously go to church and have an established religion, they still manage to be so happy and successful. I really wonder why. And there are others who have an established religion, but live their lives with miseries. Is not it unfair? As we all know critical thinking is a process where in one carefully analyzes a certain situation that serves as a tool for something to strike or to be done. Suppressing critical thinking is sometimes the effect of minding too much of other things and avoid getting so stressed out and pressured.Sleeping, eating, fart up and having fun are some of the methods used to suppress ones critical thinking. Fact is the truth. A thing can be make a fact when it is being supported with theories, and evidence. A fact is real when it is already accepted by great theorist, scientist, sociologists and others and also backed up with material evidences. Yes, facts are open to subjective interpretation, since we have our own ways of conceiving things.Some of us do not accept established facts while others do. To infer means to prove, to demonstration truth. No, I think it is not the same as fact. Because in fact, it is already made evident or true while to infer is to make something into a truth or a fact. There is still a process involved in it. For example The student is asking their professor to infer that earth really came from apes The student nurse is to infer that the reason why she was absent from her duty was due to her hospitalization.

Fate and Destiny in the Aeneid and the Odyssey

From the dawning of modern human thought, humans have questioned the nature of life and its passing. whizz of the most fundamental questions to arise from this use up of thought is the ideas of hazard and duty. We humans desire to know whether the path of our lives is preordained and unalterable or if it is just a series of consequences from our past actions. If we live by condemn and believe our path is already set in stone, then is it our obligation to fulfill that destiny to the best of our abilities or can we resist and hope to cook our own story?It is quite obvious in the epics of both Aeneus and Odysseus that the idea of fate and duty plays a huge role. The difference we see between the both is which is more important and how each epic allows these two ideas to unfold. In Virgils Aeneid, Aeneus is driven by the prophecy that he will leave a bequest that will go on to found the greatest and most powerful empire the world will ever know. Aeneuss journey is filled with trial s and tribulations near be purposefully placed in front of him with the intention of undoing his fate while others ar pure happenstance.What drives Aeneus to press on is his sense impression of duty. One of Aeneuss most authoritative obstacles is the princess of Carthage, Dido. The patron goddess of Carthage is Juno and she knows that Aeneuss prophecy tells of his kingdom destroying Carthage in the future. So Juno sends Cupid to make Dido fall madly in love with Aeneus so that he will do the same and consequently will settle in Carthage never founding the foretold empire that will destroy Junos city. formerly learning of this plan, Jupiter dispatches Mercury to remind Aeneus of his destiny. And are you at a time like this laying the foundations of stately Carthage, and building, like a fond husband, your wifes goodly city, forgetting alas your own kingdom and the cares that should be yours? (Virgil, Book 4, line 279-282) Aeneus is awe-struck, but he immediately goes to repair his fleet and sail for Italys shores. To Aeneus, his sense of duty is so great that he, without question, leaves his wife Dido and the safety of Carthage. Aeneus does not leave Carthage without regard for Dido though.Aeneus attempts to leave before anyone will know they are gone, but he is caught and explains to Dido, My quest to Italy is not of my own motion. (Virgil, Book 4, line 391-392) With this Aeneus leaves Carthage driven by duty and obligation. In Homers Odyssey, the idea of fate is more significant than the idea and sense of duty. Odysseuss journey begins when Poseidon learns that Odysseus blinded his Cyclops son, Polyphemous while trying to escape from his capture. This enrages the already hot-tempered sea god, damning Odysseus, his men, and his voyage.Poseidon attempts to delay and obtain Odysseus from his home, Ithaca. His anger towards Odysseus is so great that Zeus has to step in to save him from the sea-god. Zeus, after Poseidon complains to him about the Phaenecia ns aiding Odysseus, states Since for Odysseus now I vowed that he his home should win by means of many a misery yet utterly bereft not his fall for such your purpose was and decree. (Homer, Book 13, st. 45) Zeus, in the Odyssey, acts as the hand of fate by preventing Poseidon from further stalling Odysseuss return home.This is unlike Jupiter in the Aeneid, who dispatches Mercury to remind Aeneus of his purpose. Aeneas is then left with the duty of leaving Carthage and Dido behind, whereas Odysseus is more guinea pig to each gods will. The idea of an inevitable and unchangeable fate is in both the Aeneid and Odyssey, what drives each character is the difference. Aeneus is driven by his sense of duty to start the melodic phrase that will go onto to found Rome, whereas Odysseus is driven by his desire to return to Ithaca. This resembles the cultural and philosophical natures of the Greeks and Romans.The Greeks placed much emphasis on the individual, life, and pleasure which would of course honor a hero who struggles tremendously to return safely home. The Romans placed large amounts of emphasis on Rome, what it stood for and their duty, undoubtedly Aeneuss epic was bred from this culture. Although the cultural differences are evident, these two works both share an inevitable fate which drives the journey. Also, the gods interference in the heros journey for either personal gain or to assure the fulfillment of their fate is evident in both works.Fate and duty have been human concepts for thousands of years they both intend some form of obligation and are main themes in the Aeneid and the Odyssey. Aeneuss obligation to his duty compels him to realize his fate. Odysseus, on the other hand simply desires to return home, but is subjected to the will of the gods which only stall his fate. Both works resemble their respective cultures beliefs and ideals, but regardless of the differences, these two works are classic epics.

Leadership Outline

Peter OBrian COLL/148 Due October 7, 2012 Week 5 Leadership Outline speed of light point I. Introduction My project is about Peter OBrian who completed the same major as myself but also doubled it with photograph. Something I look to doing in the near future. OBrian has a BA in Communications and in Film he is a Canadian Producer and is considered perhaps iodine of Canadas best-kn give film producers (Kayne, 2003). OBrian is someone I aspire to be because of his background with my degree and with my heating system for film. OBrian has overcome many obstacles and has built a beautiful foundation for future entrepreneurs to follow.OBrian is an expert in communications because he had to market himself to light funding for his films, he had to have Public relations abilities to self-promote his films and he had to gain an expertise in what he was doing. II. Your Field of Study I chose to do Communications because I liked the options for a cargoner that came with it. With a Bachelors degree it gives me credibility for work I already do and can be combined with a degree such as film to make me the well rounded person I aspire to be. My expected graduation timeline is the spring of 2014 or that winter.I hope to graduate within this timeframe because of the projects I have planned for the same year. In order to get in that timeframe I will have to take extra classes and really push myself academically to compass this. III. Who is the leader I chose Peter OBrian because he is a personal idol of mine and because his command background helped me when deciding my own. OBrian has a reputation of being a film maker who demonstrates in his movies relativeness and connections with the people who see his films. He illustrates characters that anyone can look up to and aspire to be.For film he has win 19 genie awards (Canadian Film Encyclopedia) and for communications he has demonstrated normal relations skills to be his own publicist. IV. Characteristics of an effective leader An effective leader is creative and opened to new ideas (Vulliamy, 2010). I think OBrian has clearly demonstrated that. He has created his own production company and sits on many boards to better himself and his seam (Canadian Film Encyclopedia). V. Define Your Leadership Qualities My leadership qualities are being passionate/dedicated, assertive, magnanimity and open minded.My strengths are generating great ideas and getting people pumped to take action. From taking a personality test (Personality hear Center) from this course Ive learned that I fit into the career I have planned for myself. I also realized that I love to start projects but am not always so keen on finishing them which is a HUGE problem for me. One personal strength I possess, that can help support success in the future, is that I am great at public speaking. I know how to touchle myself in the public setting and also love the environment. A impuissance it finishing projects, I love to get them started b ut when it comes to the middle work I drag.I love the stop work when all the middle work is done but it is a matter of being in the mood to do it. I am going to improve on this by at to the lowest degree trying to start or force myself to make head way and not wait to mystify inspired because that also can lead to procrastination of the project in itself. VI. Conclusion Peter OBrian is an evolutional film maker and self-publicist. He is someone I aspire to be like and with his success I feel that he can help motivate me to action and become the person I inadequacy to be. His educational background and the one I am pursuing go hand in hand and I feel that he is someone I can look up to.References Kaye, Janice. (2003, September 1). pay back to Hollywood North veteran producer Peter OBrian takes a turn behind the camera The save Library. (2003). Retrieved October 05, 2012 from http//www. thefreelibrary. com/Return to Hollywood North veteran producer Peter OBrian takes a -a0109568 312 Personality test center. (2011). Retrieved from http//www. personalitytest. crystalise/ (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//tiff. net/CANADIANFILMENCYCLOPEDIA/content/bios/peter-obrian Vulliamy, E. (2010, Feb 10). Compare business products. Retrieved from http//www. comparebusinessproducts. com/briefs/top-10-leadership-qualities

My Experience in the Military Essay

My darkest hour was also the moment I became a man. When all my years of training, all the blood, sweat, and tears of running, aiming, skills training, and hand to hand combat had finally been chuck to the test. My first kill. It wasnt a proud moment but it was one on necessity and prime(prenominal) that Ive played over and over again and I still get the same result. It would put one across gone exactly the same. September 21st 1999, 1327 Zulu judgment of conviction. We were flying over Almaty, Kazakhstan. The rattling of the POS tin can they retrieve an airplane was really making me queasy. Man less than an hour before we land.Its not approach shot soon enough. I thought. Then came the dreaded command that started the chain of events that changed my life forever. AAG 9 oclock. I repeat AAG 9 oclock Yelled our Staff Sgt, You know the drill, men. term to grow fly today to you non-military personnel, an AAG is an anti-aircraft gun. Now it doesnt take a rocket scientist to re alize, hey were in an aircraft. You see where this is going. Time to grow wings means, were jumping off this plane. This might be fine and dandy for a para-trooping unit. We were not a para-trooping unit. Now most of our unit has had parachuting training, rise all except one, me.Now in my defense I had been busy with officer training so really hadnt had a good deal time. I now wish I had do time. So as were being shoveled pop of the plane, theres AAG blasts going off all around us. Then came my acetify where I never thought you could get a jumping lesson in 30 seconds. Well it was enough for me. Out I went. Exciting, exhilarating, and scary as hell, were the first three social functions that came to mind. Now Im no meteorologist but there are these invisible paths the air flows called vectors and if you dont know what youre doing you can be rerouted from you initial path. This is how I ended up drifting away from my unit.I pulled my chute once I effected this and landed abou t half a click north of my click. I landed in a courtyard and did the most natural instinct that could come to mind. I ran. Now the guys manning these AAGs also had march on foot and they figured out real quick where I was, and that I probably would practise a real nice hostage. A US officer is a gold bar time lag to be snatched. I went for high ground as I checked my GPS tracker noteing for my unit. Once on the roof of a nearby building, I began running south from rooftop to rooftop looking for a good trust to either form or stand my ground in case of a firefight.I didnt know how far behind me the enemy was but I felt them breathing atomic pile my neck, so to speak. I looked ahead on my route and noticed a 25foot gap amongst me and the close building and it was a floor shorter than the building I was on. I had 10 steps to make out a choice. Ten, I detach my pack. Nine, off goes my helmet. Eight, I increase my speed. Six, five, four, This isnt going to end well, Three, I r ear up, two, oneI leapt. For a second I thought this is it. But therefore realized Im going to fleet it, Im actually going to clear it. I did, right into a window.I rolled twice and started to catch my bearing and get up when I felt a searing pain in my stake. I was being tackled. I looked up opus on my put up to a sweaty, angry look I recognized all too well, the look of a man wanting to kill me. I dont know where he came from or who he was but I knew these were things I would bring in to worry about later. For now I constitute to stay alive. I felt his arm pressing into my throat and damn it hurt. I brought my right clenched fist up and into his temple. It jeered him enough to release the choke. He reached back with the same arm and pulled something out from what looked like his back pocket, a knife.As soon as I realized what it was it was already headed at my face. I took twain arms and grabbed for the wrist of the armed hand. He twisted his hand and sliced at my left for earm, I lost grip alone with that hand for a slight second, jabbed him in the ribs giving me enough time to re-grip. He was trying to put all his weight into the armed hand and still hold me down while I kept my eyes and both hands focused on the knife modify hand and wrist. I was holding up until the pain from the slice began to overwhelm me and I felt woozy. I felt like this was it, I am going to lose my grip and this knife was about to go into my face.I quickly thought of everything that would follow and everything that has happened to me up to that point in an instance. Then as if a blessing from God, the door burst open and I redirected my focus to the door. So did he, which was his mistake. I quick glanced back at him and noticed two things. His eyes were off of me and his push weakened just for a second. The only second I needed. I pivoted my upper half to my right and pulled his arm towards where my head once was, pile the knife into the hardwood floor. I brought my right elbow into his head and he toppled over.I reached for my side arm, rolled away, up on to one side, aimed and fired twice. My pistol and eyes both rose up and to the left to the entre and fired three more times. Both enemies, cancelled. I took what seemed like an eternity to curse, catch my breath and regroup myself. I stood up and realized the fight wasnt over. I still had to make it to my unit. I made my way through the apartment I earlier crashed into, out into the hallway and back up to the roof. I noticed insurgents on the rooftop directly behind me making half-ass shots at me.I leapt to the next rooftop, made teetotum behind a chimney, pulled my pistol took two deep breaths and.. Well youll just have to wait for next time for that one. You ask yourself what I would do if I were in a life and death situation. Did it turn out like I thought? Nothing like it. Because when it really happens you go into autopilot. It all happened so quickly, but when I relive it in the nightmares that haunt me to this day, it seems like forever. It wasnt a cool thing to do it, but was it necessary for my survival? Yes. If I could do it all over again, I would have taken the para-trooping courses.

Report to Shareholders Essay

Business shapeWhen Magee Company began in 2011, the company had the goal of producing top of the line sensors to customers who demand the unexampledest technologies. The tighten would do this by manufacturing its product lines at or higher up the give birthations of customers, charm still trying to maintain a hawkish price within in the marketplace. To extend to market share, the company programmened to heavily promote its products, while increasing the number of distributors and sales personnel to make products more available.Current StateDespite its plans, Magee Inc. was unstable from the scramning. With the exception of year one, Magee Comapny was never able to generate net profits from operations. This stemmed from several(prenominal) issues in poor management decisions. First, Magee management incorrectly believed that profits from its traditional segment could provide suitable cash to invest in plant and product improvements for the other lines. It is now clear that Magee should have financed the operations through long-term debt. Magee believes that investments in automation could have increased productivity and therefore increase margins on products, as they were low relative to Magee competitors (see Appendix).Magee Inc. was also unable to gain a significant amount of market share due to poor marketing activities. Initially, the firm priced some products too high, which caused an initial decrease in market share. The lack of marketing management was also a factor in the reduced demand, which leftover the plant running below capacity. To counter act this, management decided to boost production above normal capacity. Prices were then dropped in an attempt to push product out onto the market, but this action proved futile as only two of its four products had positive margins. Because of these decisions, the firm now sits with nearly $ vitamin C jillion in inventories. To accommodate the inventory production and lack of sales, the firm was f orced to stupefy an nip loan make senseing nearly $82 million.Bankruptcy AlternativesAndrews plans to shut down production this current year, and impart begin liquidating assets as soon as possible. In its current state, Magee has nearly $100 million in inventories, which will be sold at or slightly above cost, dependant on the length of age it takes to sell the product. The company will then be sold, either in pieces of as a substantial to the Ferris company. For most of Ferris products, the firms capacity is at or near the maximum, and could be willing to purchase the full Magee facility (See Appendix). The expected value of Magee capacity is approximately $56 million while the firm still maintains $43 million in other fixed assets.Total asking price for the entire firm would be about $105, the premium due to all equipment would be in place, fully operational, with teach staff. Magee also has the option to sell capacity in pieces, which could be sold for $50 $60 million. The balance wheel of the plant would also be sold for approximately $40 million, or best offered price. In total, Magee would expect to earn between $190 and $205 after liquidation of all assets, both current and long-term. As Magee total liabilities total $150 million, the sale of all property would relieve the debt owed to creditors.Starting OverGiven the chance to reenter the application, there are numerous changes in strategy and operation that Magee management would do. First, the firm would enter the industry as a broad differentiator, maintaining products in all segments. In order to finance all of the operations, Magee would take on a substantial amount of long-term debt and issue stock. With available cash, the firm would invest in automation to reduce variable costs, expand the capabilities of Magee products, and market their capability widely in an effort to gain the greatest market share.Once the firm had established cash flow, Magee would make an attempt to produce new products in segments that it is competitive, but differentiated to acquire the market share of customers that find their needs in between currently available products. Another change necessary to survive in the industry would be to carefully monitor and cap inventory. Considering high end products have high materials and labor expenses, holding inventory not only has a carrying cost, but the opportunity cost of not having that cash available was a study player in Magee failing.Despite the management plans, Magee is currently owes $43 million to its creditors, and maintains about $34 million dollars in inventory in excess inventories.

A Review of Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy

INTRODUCTION This article is a summary of Rene Descartes Meditation on First Philosophy. It seeks, as permitted by the Meditator himself, in his letter to the reader, to examine his treatise with the possibility of instituting budge if necessary. I interrogative sentence not, if you exactly condescend to pay so untold regard to this treatise as to be provideing in the first gear place to correct it (for approximationful not only of my humanity, merely in general in addition of my ignorance, I do not affirm that it is free from errors) in the second place to contribute what is wanting in it, to perfect what is incomplete, and to give more ample illustration where it is demanded, or at to the lowest degree to indicate these defects to myself that i may endeavour to remedy them1He starts his meditations which spans over a period of six age by sitting himself, I d be say, comfortably, by the fire side MEDITATION I quizzical DOUBT IN THE First Meditation, the meditator expo unds the grounds on which we may doubt gener ein truth(prenominal) last(predicate)y altogether liaisons, and oddly material objects, so retentive at least, as we gather in no opposite put togetherations for the sciences than those we have to begin with now possessed. The meditator was struck by how many false things he had believed, and by how doubtful the structure of beliefs he had based on them.He realized that if he wanted to establish anything in the sciences that was stable and likely to last, he needed just once to demolish e verything altogether and start again from the foundations. I force out buoy do this without showing that all my beliefs atomic number 18 false, which is probably more than I could ever manage. My rationalness tells me that as tumefy as withholding assent from propositions that atomic number 18 obviously false, I should also withhold it from ones that are not completely sure and indubitable.So all I need, for the purpose of rejecting a ll my opinions, is to find in each of them at least some reason for doubt. I dismiss do this without going done them one by one, which would take forever once 1 Rene Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy, (Start Publishing LLC eBook edition, 2012) kobo file. the foundations of a building have been undermined, the rest collapses of its own accord so I will go straight for the basic principles on which all my former beliefs rested. Whatever I have accepted until now as most accredited has numerate to me through my senses.But occasionally I have found that they have deceived me, and it is unwise to trust completely those who have deceived us charge once. 2 The Meditator goes further to say that although our sense recognitions deceive us heretofore one could not possibly doubt all of what one has come to know through the senses for example, his put by the fire, clothed in a winter dressing gown or that he is rightfully in possession of this arms and legs. This led to what is popularly referred to as the hallucination argument where he argues that I often have detections very oft like the ones I usually have in title-holder while I am dreaming. in that respect are no de delimited signs to distinguish dream bonk from open-eyed experience. in that respectfore, It is possible that I am dreaming right now and that all of my perceptions are false3 Objection to the dream argument It could be argued that the images we form in dreams locoweed only be composed of bits and assembles of real experience combined in novel ways. Therefore, Although we have reason to doubt the surface perceptual qualities of our perception, we have no reason to doubt the properties that we encompass the basic components of our experience to have. In particular, in that location is no reason to doubt the numeric properties that material bodies in general have. )4 The First Meditation can thus be seen as presenting skeptical doubts as a subject of study in their own right. Certainly, doubt is a much dealed and hotly debated topic in doctrine, even out today. Descartes was noticeably the first to raise the mystifying question of how we can claim to know with certainty anything about the world around us. The subject is not that these doubts are 2 Rene Descartes 1639.Meditations on First Philosophy in which are the Tempterstrated the mankind of graven image and the distinction surrounded by the human soul and the physical structure. marxists. org. n. p. n. d.. http//www. marxists. org/reference/archive/ descartes/1639/meditations. htm (accessed April 10, 2013). 3 Banach, David. An Outline of Descartess Meditations on First Philosophy. anslem. edu. Creative car park License. 2006. http//www. anselm. edu/homepage/dbanach/medol. htm (accessed April 10, 2013). 4 Banach, An Outline philosophy. op. cit. robable, but that their possibility can never be unblemishedly ruled out. And if we can never be certain, how can we claim to know anything? Ske pticism cuts straight to the heart of the Western philosophic enterprise and its attempt to provide a certain foundation for our knowledge and understanding of the world. It can even be pushed so far as to be read as a challenge to our very notion of rationality. Skepticism cannot be lived, we as individuals cannot possibly doubt everything as this will lead to an unconditioned regress.We should note that Descartes doubt is a methodological and rational doubt. That is, the Meditator is not just doubting everything at random, but is providing solid reasons for his doubt at each stage. For instance, he rejects the possibility that he might be mad, since that would tenderloin the rationality that motivates his doubt. Descartes is trying to set up this doubt deep down a rational framework, and needs to verify a claim to rationality for his arguments to proceed. MEDITATION II OF THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN MIND AND THAT IT IS MORE intimately KNOWN THAN THE BODYDay twain of the medita tion sees the meditator s manger in doubt, following Archimedes, the meditator attempts to find a outset shoot or at least one point which he would not doubt. I will nevertheless, blade an effort, and try anew the aforesaid(prenominal) path on which I had entered yesterday, that is, proceed by casting asunder all that admits of the slightest doubt, not less than if I had discovered it to be overbearingly false and will protract always in this track until I shall find something that is certain, or at least, if I can do nothing more, until I shall know with certainty that there is nothing certain.Archimedes, that he might transport the entire globe from the place it occupied to an early(a), demanded only a point that was firm and immovable so, also, I shall be entitled to entertain the highest expectations, if I am fortunate enough to discover only one thing that is certain and indubitable. 5 Recalling the previous meditation, he supposes that what he sees does not survive, tha t his memory is faulty, that he has no senses and no torso, that backstage, movement and place are mistaken notions. Perhaps, he remarks, the only certain thing remaining is that there is no certainty. Descartes, On Philosophy. op. cit. kobo file The meditator whence wonders, is he not, the source of these meditations? (that is after doubting his innovation of his body and senses) does that mean he cannot embody either? He has also noted that the physical world does not outlast, which might also seem to imply his nonexistence. And nonetheless to have these doubts, he must exist. For an evil demon to mislead him in all these cunnuing ways, he must exist in order to be misled. There must be an I that can doubt, be deceived, and so on.He formulates the famous cogito argument, saying So that it must, in fine, be maintained, all things cosmos maturely and carefully considered, that this proposition (pronunciatum) I am, I exist, is necessarily avowedly each time it is expressed b y me or conceived in my promontory. 6 The cogito argument is so called because of its Latin formulation in the Discourse on Method cogito ergo sum (I think, thusly I am). This is possibly the most famous single line in all of philosophy, and is generally considered the starting point for modern Western philosophy.In it, the Meditator finds his first grip on certainty after the radical skepticism he posited in the First Meditation. The cogito presents a picture of the world and of knowledge in which the brain is something that can know itself better than it can know anything else. 7 The latter part of the Second Meditation dwells more often than not on the Wax Argument with which the meditator hopes to show that we come to know things through the intellect or else than through the senses and that we know the musical theme better than anything else. His argument focuses on the process of change by which solid jump melts into a liquid puddle.The senses seem to tell us things abou t the world, and Descartes admits that what we know about the solid piece of wax we know through the senses. The senses can similarly inform us about the melted wax, but they cannot tell us that the melted wax and the solid wax are one and the same. Nor, the meditator argues, can the tomography. save the intellect can organize and make sense of what we discriminate. The senses only perceive a dis machine-accessible disturb of information the intellect is what helps us to understand it. 6 7 ibid, kobo file. SparkNotes Editors. SparkNote on Meditations on First Philosophy. SparkNotes LLC. n. d.. ttp// www. sparknotes. com/philosophy/meditations/ (accessed April 12, 2013). MEDITATION III. OF GOD THAT HE EXISTS At the beginning of Meditation III, the meditator finds a whole host of truths which he holds we can know for certain. These truths involve the causal or representational theory of perception. This theory holds that we directly perceive fancys which are caused by objects in the external world. Descartes claims that we can know for certain that we are seeing a particular view (of the sun or the stars or this room or that tree), what we dont know for certain is if there is a sun or stars or a room or tree ausing our approximations). The meditator goes on to germinate a criterion for truths which we can know for absolute certainty. He does this by reflecting on those truths which he has already discovered using the method of doubt, and determines that what they all have in common is that the ideas in them are all clear and distinct. Thus any truth composed of clear and distinct ideas can be cognize for certain. Descartes then proceeds to try to move from the foundation, to determine what truths might be based on those truths. The first thing he must do, as it turns out is to prove that immortal existsWithout doing this he cannot get unloose of the Evil Demon hypothesis. 8 When considering god as a substance that is myriad, eternal, immutable, inde pendent, supremely intelligent, supremely powerful, and which created some(prenominal)(prenominal) myself and everything else, the Meditator realizes that the idea of immortal must have far more objective reality than he has dinner gown reality God is an in exhaustible substance whereas he is only a finite substance. Since the idea of God cannot have farm animalated in himself, he reason outs that God must be the cause of this idea and must therefore necessarily exist.The Meditator counters the argument that he might conceive of an infinite creation through negation, that is, through conceiving of it in contrast to his own finite organism. Doubts and desires come from an understanding that we inadequacy something, and we would not be aware of that lack unless we were aware of a more perfect being that has those things which we lack. While he can doubt the existence of other things, he cannot doubt the existence of God, since he has such a clear and distinct perception 8OSU. the meditations. n. p. n. d. ttp//oregonstate. edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/meditations. html (accessed April 13,2013). of Gods existence. The idea has infinite objective reality, and is therefore more likely to be admittedly than any other idea. The Meditator then entertains the possibility that he may be supremely perfect, that all his deficiencies are potentialities within him, and that he is slowly improving toward perfection. If perfection is a potentiality within him, then it is arguable that the idea of God could be conceived in him without any outside cause.The Meditator rejects this possibility for three reasons first, God is all actual and not at all potential second, if he is constantly improving, he will never attain that perfection where there is no room for improvement and third, potential being is not being at all the idea of God must be caused by something with infinite actual being. If the Meditator could exist without God, he would have come to be out of her self, or from his parents, or from some other being less perfect than God. If he derived his existence from himself, there is no reason that he should have doubts and desires.He also cannot escape this reasoning by supposing he has always existed and never had to come into being. There is no reason that he should continue to exist unless there is some force that preserves him, that creates him anew at every instant. As a idea thing, he should be aware of that power of preservation though it came from within him. If his parents or some other imperfect being created him, this creator must have endowed him with the idea of God. If this creator is a finite being, we must still ask with respect to it how it came to possess the idea of an infinite God.We can trace this chain back through countless creators, but we must ultimately conclude that the idea of God can originate only in God, and not in some finite being. We can thus sum up the third meditation Every idea must be caused, and th e cause must be as real as the idea. If I have any idea of which I cannot be the cause, then something besides me must exist. All ideas of material reality could have their origin within me. But the idea of God, an infinite and perfect being, could not have originated from within me, since I am finite and imperfect. I have an idea of God, and it can only have been caused by God.Therefore God exists. 9 Anderson, JT. Summary of Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy. n. p. 1999. http//home. sandiego. edu/ janderso/10/descart. html. ( accessed April 13, 2013). 9 MEDITATION IV OF TRUTH AND ERROR The fourth Meditation, subtitled Truth and falsity, opens with the Meditator reflecting on the ground he has covered so far, observing that all his certain knowledge, and in particular the most certain knowledge that God exists, comes from the intellect, and not from the senses or the imagination. Now that he is certain of Gods existence, a great deal more can follow.First, he knows that Go d would not deceive him, since the will to deceive is a sign of weakness or malice, and Gods perfection would not allow it. Second, if God created him, God is responsible for his judgment, and so his faculty of judgment must be infallible so long as he uses it correctly. One wonders then following from the evil demon argument and the third meditation on the existence of God, how then error comes to play if God is too perfect to be infallible yet He (God) is responsible for our judgement? Error, the meditator believes comes from improper use of our intellect, i. e. in judging things we do not rattling know.Summation of the fourth meditation is thus Only an imperfect (less than perfectly good) being could practice deliberate deception. Therefore, God is no deceiver. Since my faculty of judgment comes from God, I can make no mistake as long as I use it properly. But it is not an infinite faculty I make mistakes when I judge things that I dont really know. God also gave me free will, w hich is infinite and therefore extends beyond my finite intellect. This is why it is possible to deceive myself I am free to jump to conclusions or to proclaim as knowledge things that I dont know with absolute certainty.I therefore know now that if I know something with absolute certainty (clearly and distinctly), then I cannot be mistaken, because God is no deceiver. The correct way to proceed is to countermand mistakes and limit my claims to knowledge to those things I know clearly and distinctly. 10 The Meditator also questions why a supremely good God would not create us with infinite being. In sum, we are given a variant on the answer, The Lord works in mysterious ways. The Meditator suggests that Gods motives are beyond our meager comprehension.While on our own, we may be seen as imperfect, we are only a small part of a much larger creation. We might think of a steering wheel on its own as rather useless and imperfect, but when we see it in the larger context of a car, we u nderstand that it is perfectly intentional to suit its purpose. 11 10 Anderson, 11 Summary of Philosophy. op. cit. Sparknote Editors, Sparknotes on Philosophy. op. cit. MEDITATION V OF THE ESSENCE OF physical THINGS AND, AGAIN OF GODTHAT HE EXISTS The Fifth Meditation opens with the Meditator turning his attention toward material objects.Rather than inquire into the things themselves, he inquires into her ideas regarding material things. He concludes that he can distinctly imagine extension, size, shape, position, and local motion, which is associated with duration. The Meditator has reasons here that a trilateral must have all the properties he ascribes to it, because the triangle exists as an idea in his mind and he clearly and distinctly perceives all these properties. He then reasons by analogy that God exists as an idea in his mind and he clearly and distinctly perceives all of his qualities.One of these qualities is existence, so it follows from his clear and distinct per ception that God must exist. If existence is the essence of God, then God would not be God if he did not exist, just as a triangle would not be a triangle if it were not three-sided. At the very least, then, the existence of God must be as certain as the properties of mathematical and geometrical objects since he can prove them in the same way. Does this mean that thinking of something way that it exists? consort to the meditator If I conceive of a triangle, I must conceive of a figure whose angles equal two right angles.But it doesnt follow that the triangle must exist. But God is antithetic. God, being perfect, is the one being to whom existence must belong. Thus, when I conceive of God, I must conceive of a being that exists. Because God, being perfect, is not a deceiver, I know that once I have perceived something clearly and distinctly to be true, it will remain true, even if later I forget the reasoning that led me to that conclusion. I could not have this certainty about a nything if I did not know God. 12 The proof of Gods existence found here is a version of a proof that was popular among the Scholastic philosophers.Our idea of God is the idea of a perfect being, and one of the attributes of a perfect being would be existence, since it is more perfect to exist than not to exist. In Descartes formulation, existence is not just an attribute, but an essential property of Gods, so that God cannot be conceived of without existence. This proof, however, rests on the faulty assumption, first pointed out by Kant, that existence is a predicate or a property, like being red or being tall. In fact, exists is a very different kind of predicate than is red or is tall. The predicate exists does not 12Anderson, Summary of Philosophy. op. cit. modify an object so much as it modifies the world. If I say the red car exists, the property of redness is something that modifies the car. On the other hand, exists does not modify the car so much as it says that the worl d is such that the car is in it. In that sense, exists is not a property of the car. 13 MEDITATION VI OF THE EXISTENCE OF MATERIAL THINGS, AND OF THE echt DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE MIND AND BODY OF MAN The meditator starts his sixth and last meditation by skeleton a line mingled with imagination and pure understanding.In the case of a triangle, he can perceive that a triangle is three-sided and derive all sorts of other properties using the understanding alone. He can also perceive these properties with the imagination, by picturing the triangle in his minds eye. However, the weaknesses of the imagination become clear when he considers a thousand-sided figure which the meditator calls a chiliogon. 14 It is very challenging to picture it in his minds eye, and more difficult still to differentiate that mental image from the mental image of a 999-sided figure.The pure understanding, however, dealing only in mathematical relations, can perceive all the properties of a thousand-sided f igure just as soft as it can a triangle. The imagination cannot be an essential property of his mind, since the Meditator could still exist even if he could not imagine. Therefore, the imagination must rely on something other than the mind for its existence. The Meditator conjectures that the imagination is connected with the body, and thus allows the mind to picture corporeal or tangible objects.In understanding, the mind turns inward upon itself, and in imagining, the mind turns outward toward the body. The Meditator admits that this is only a strong conjecture, and not a definitive proof of the existence of body. The Meditator then turns to reflect on what he perceives by means of the senses. He perceives he has a body that exists in a world, and that this body can experience pleasure, pain, emotion, hunger, etc. , 13 14 Sparknote Editors, Sparknotes on Philosophy. op. cit. Descartes, On Philosophy. op. cit. kobo file. nd can perceive other bodies with extension, shape, movemen t, hardness, heat, color, smell, taste, etc. He thinks it not unreasonable to suppose that these perceptions all come from some outside source. They come to him involuntarily, and they are so much more vivid than the perceptions he consciously creates in his own mind. It would be odd to suggest that he can involuntarily create perceptions so much more vivid than the ones he creates voluntarily. And if they come from without, it is only natural to suppose that the source of these centripetal ideas in some way resemble the ideas themselves.From this point of view, it is very easy to convince oneself that all knowledge comes from without via the senses. 15 What Descartes understands by body is somewhat counter-intuitive and is closely linked to his physics, which is not made readily sheer in the Meditations. This section of commentary will depart a bit from the text it comments on in order to clarify some concepts of Cartesian physics. The entirety of Cartesian physics rests on the c laim that extension is the primary attribute of body, and that nothing more is needed to explain or understand body. Extension means broaden in space, and so a body is anything that occupies space. We should recall that Descartes was also a great mathematician, and invented both analytic geometry and the coordinate system that now bears his name. Descartes physics is highly mathematical, and we should understand bodies as anything that could be graphed in coordinate space. 16 ON THE MIND BODY DUALISM The Meditator muses that he has been puzzled as to why his mind seems particularly attached to one particular body, which he calls his own. Why does he feel pain and tickling in this body but not in any body external to it?And why should a tugging in the stomach of that body suggest to his mind that he should eat, since there is no obvious connector between the tugging and the decision to eat? He concludes that he is inclined by temper to assume the things he does about his body and about the world external to it, since he accepts these assumptions prior to developing any arguments regarding them. The Meditator reasons that imagination and sensory perception are modes of thought. He could conceive of himself without imagination or sensory perception, so they are not essential to him, but 15 16Sparknote Editors, Sparknotes on Philosophy. op. cit. ibid imagination and sensory perception could not exist without a mind to throw them. Similarly, there are modes of extension that cannot exist without a body to contain them. The Meditator next considers those ideas about body that he perceives only confusedly and obscurely, hoping that his knowledge that God is not a deceiver will help him further. First, he reasons that he must have a body, as nature teaches that to him more vividly than anything. elevate, mind and body are intermingled to form one unit.If the mind were in the body like a sailor in a ship, he would be able to perceive tune and hungers by purely i ntellectual understanding. Instead, he feels these sensations sharply and directly as if his mind itself were suffering. The confused modes of thinking that arise with respect to these sensations result precisely because the mind and body are intermingled and the mind cannot survey the librate disinterestedly. The Meditator argues that mind and body have nothing in common, so they must be two totally distinct substances.We could point out that Clark Kent and Superman are very dissimilar and are yet the same thing, and so argue by analogy that mind and body might be two very different ways of looking at the same thing. However, even the primary attributes of mind and body are different. Body is essentially extended, whereas mind is non-extended and essentially thinking. Since the two are totally different, the Meditator concludes that he is only mind, and not body. This is a step beyond what is stated by the sum res cogitans in the Second Meditation, as there the Meditator asserts that he only knows that he is a thinking thing.This sharp distinction between mind and body is called mind-body dualism and has had tremendous impact on Western philosophy ever since. If sensory experience is in the mind and the bodies that cause our sensations are in the world, the question arises as to how the two can causally interact. What is the nexus between mind and world? This has been a great concern in particular for the rationalist philosophers that followed DescartesMalebranche, Spinoza, and Leibniz being the most importantas well as for philosophy of mind in general ever since. 17 17 ibid. CONCLUSIONThe mind and the body if held as totally distinct from each other leaves no room for interaction. The mind becomes a separate entity as well as the body. The body is extended and occupies space, it is measureable, macroscopical and degenarates hence the body is matter. The mind however is a direct opposite. It cannot be measured, it is not visible and does not occupy space . Also, since the body is extended in three dimensional space, it can be shared out into specific parts, the mind however does not occupy space and cannot be divided. The nature of the body tally to Descartes was that, unlike the mind it was divisible. 8 There is a great difference between mind and body, inasmuch as body is by nature always divisible, and the mind is entirely indivisible. 19 How then an immaterial mind (that Descartes denied had a location in space) moves a physical body that does, how a body consisting of space-occupying matter make for an immaterial mind remains a philosophical problem, I dare say, beyond any discuss in the philosophy of mind, a metaphysical problem that the whole discipline of philosophy up till date is yet to find a solution to. 18 Rene Descartes. n. p. 2002. ttp//www. renedescartes. com/essay/rene_descartes_essay_001. htm (accessed April 13,2013). 19 ibid. Further Readings Meditations on First Philosophy in which are demonstrated the existe nce of God and the distinction between the human soul and body Rene Descartes Copyright 20102015 All rights reserved. Jonathan Bennett Foundationalism, Epistemic Principles, and the Cartesian Circle James cutting edge Cleve The Philosophical Review Vol. 88, No. 1 (Jan. , 1979), pp. 55-91 Published by Duke University Press Article Stable universal resource locator http//www. jstor. org/stable/2184779