An Analysis Of Cultural Heritage Tourism Tourism Essay

An Analysis Of Cultural inheritance Tourism Tourism EssayHeritage is property of the bea. It has strategic evidences of past tense incidents and changes and it is the necessity to con advert it with pop semipolitical involvement and racial discrimination (UNESCO, 2004). So far whole wheat flour et al. (2000, p40) suggested Heritage is tremendously concerned in the wind and legitimating of collective constructs of uniqueness, such as group, gender, religion, civilization and nationalism.When we talk rough the relation of inheritance into tourism industry, at number one, holy cities such as Rome atomic number 18 accognitiond as a highly multifunctional and even multi hereditary pattern place, as a result, the inheritance overstretchions positively become the feature of Italy for holidaymaker. To manifest the implication of hereditary pattern is consequently the key point of managing a inheritance sites.As pagan inheritance tourism is broadly speaking depending on the h istory, the event in the past has verdant evidence that how the past travels had been changing the entire pages of each century and affected our past life. Much of it is also passed on form age to age once in a composition in the form in which it actu each(prenominal)y happen but more than than often as myth or fable. In whichever form it is of prime grandeur to a tourism professional, particularly in the circumstances such as the one obtaining in India with wealthy cultural hereditary pattern having continuity form the quaint (IGNOU, 2002). The summons of finding will continue to the future be designer no one predict that how many real stories have buried in the earth or still has not organism found. But somehow scholars has been able to find the real incident of past with the help of evidences of literature which still present all over the world as well as the role of science and researchers. An archaeology department of each country is encouraging the researchers to fin d out round our past. These particular reasons also encouraged to the selection of the dissertation topic, so at first this will focus on past history and development of Ajanta and Ellora spelunks and indeed it will look at the past record of tourist information and the with the help of available secondary data from Books, Journal articles, news papers past surveys and the information available from the internet, respective governments and non government agencies such as UNESCO, ICOMOS, IUCN, GHF, etc.IntroductionCultural heritage conservation is always a centre of intervention in the form of create economy of discordant nations. Cultural heritage tourism product is becoming a prime source for develop and developing countries. Countries like India where every tourist gets glimpses of diverse culture in his/her entire journey. India is primarily a cultural destination in international tourism in these be the features of India marketed as tourism product in international as wel l as domestic circuit. Domestic tourism competition already has begun in India from past decades every states government has been developing their strategies with the help of international organization to improve the tourism. In result due to sudden changes the competition bathroom be seen among service providers as from hawkers to a large scale s allowholders. In scenario market everyones mind has been diverting toward the heritage sites in India, thus its creating trafficking of tourists as well as service providers. So it is affecting the quality of services and facilities. So it shows a different picture of hospitality and tourism industry in India.Visitors/ tourists these are the historic driver of tourism industries. Firstly, the different reads and choosement of individual is affecting on tourism industry in India such as tailor made tours and the straighten out of tourist. Also the issues and understanding of heritage tourism by people it whitethorn be visitors/touris ts or local communities are different.There are two types of tourists are who has interested to visit a cultural sites around the world and the second one who Most of the peoples travel interest is to watch heritage sites around the world and some leisure activity thus it boosting the economy of respective destination. The around important part of tourism is a cultural as well as natural heritage property. So it always re principal(prenominal)s prime attraction to most(prenominal) of the people to come and enjoy their holidays. This dissertation will focus on the every tantrums of cultural heritage tourism industry such as supply, ask, conservation management, interpretation, authenticity and politics of cultural heritage site.The primary data bay window receive with the help of some questionnaire to understand the real nature and find out what stinkpot do more to achieve the overall development at Ajanta and Ellora Caves at Aurangabad.To understand the World cultural heritage site here the UNESCO considers that as a monuments, architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal care for from the point of view of history, art or science groups of buildings groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of exceptional universal importance from the point of view of history, art or science sites works of man or the feature works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of excellent universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view.In contrast it is suggested that World Heritage Sites should not only be exemplary situations for the pursuit of research but also be closely identified with the creation and maintenance of different kinds of knowle dge (Darvill, T., 2007). People always willing to learn new things or exchange the knowledge between each other, it is nothing but to become aware or so our surroundings and changing of trends in scenario market.Here, In the Krakow Charter (2000), a monument is defined as a clearly determined entity, the bearer of values, which represent a support to memory. In it, memory recognises the aspects that are relevant to human performance and feelings, associated with the historic time-line (Vecco, M 2010).EconomicIn the Times of India there was an article about(predicate) heritage tourism and in that the Atul Sethi has mentioned that Heritage butt become a serious economic driver for India, if the country is able to get its act together. If we take an example as future 2025, so the picture of the heritage site will give different view as no beggars or touts in particular area like Maluti temple, a world heritage site in Jharkhand India. So tourist rouse enjoy the holistic experience of the temples and can savour the living legacy of the region. The heritage tourism in India is attracting hordes of international and domestic tourist and top of the line contributors to the countrys foreign exchange and GDP. The global heritage fund organizations 2010 report says that developing countries like India can tap a $ 100 billion a year opportunity by 2025, if they make heart-whole attempt to preserve and responsibly develop their heritage sites.Literature ReviewIntroductionThis chapter will investigate the perception of cultural heritage tourism and visitor management as well as development of tourism at site by reviewing several concerned literatures. The review will start with the overview of cultural heritage tourism including the concept of Culture, heritage, cultural heritage tourism and cave architecture from different World Heritage Sites to understand the their current scenario of cultural heritage tourism management. The review will be followed by the discussi on on visitor impacts, their experience and management. Also it will focus on the intermediaries of cultural heritage tourism.Cultural heritage tourismCultural Tourism is the subset of tourism that is defined as travel directed toward experiencing the traditional and contemporary culture, arts, and special character of a place. This includes the performing, visual and literary arts, language, museums, heritage, crafts, architecture, design, film and broadcasting. The primary benefit of cultural tourism is economic impact. There are plenty of statistics that talk about the fact that travellers who put down in cultural activities spend more money and stay longer than leisure travellers. A good cultural tourism plan shapes and defines a communitys image, twain to itself and to the outside worldCultural tourism and cultural heritage management work as equivalent activities in most places with really little look upence between the two (Mckercher and Du Cros, 2002). As it shows common interest between the cultural and cultural heritage is the management, conservation, and preservation of the cultural and heritage properties. So the results of this many preoccupied opportunities to provide value to visitor experiences even though managing rare and weak resources in a social context, environmentally and ethically responsible and tolerateable manner. sometimes this loss results in some (and scholars stress some) unprincipled tourism operator exploring local culture and heritage assets for their own personal gain (Mckercher and Du Cros, 2002). dormitory and Zeppel (1990a87 in Timothy and Boyd, 2003) stated that relation between cultural and heritage tourism isCultural heritage is existential tourism found on being involved in and randy by the performing arts and festivals. Heritage tourism, whether in the form of visiting preferred landscapes, historic sites, buildings or monuments is also experiential tourism in the feel of seeking an encounter with nature or feeling part of the history of a place.Most researchers believe that heritage is associate to the past which symbolizes some sort of give to be passed down to current as well as future generations, both in terms of cultural traditions and physical objects (Hardy, 1988 cited in Timothy and Boyd 2003). But in contrast many authors have pointed out that what elements of past a society need to maintain (Fladmark 1998 Graham et al., 2000 Hall and McArthur 1998 in Timothy and Boyd 2003). As there are many incidents all cannot link to the cultural aspects. This makes selective sort of heritage it assumes some aspect of value, that which is of personal value is labelled as personal or family heritage, whereas those values dictated by nations or communities become our heritage (Hall and McArthur 1998 cited in Timothy and Boyd 2003). Hall and Zappel (1990) observed differently that the connections between cultural and heritage tourism, stating that Cultural tourism is experiential tourism based on being involved in and stimulated by the performing arts, visual arts and festivals. Heritage tourism whether in the form of visiting preferred landscapes, historic sites, building or monuments, is also experiential tourism in the sense of seeking an encounter with nature or feeling part of the history of a place.However the most internationally trustworthy definition of heritage was defined by UNESCO that Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to the future generations (UNESCO 2008a, p.5).Furthermore Timothy and Boyd (2003) stated that heritage can be divided into tangible immovable resources (e.g. national park, sanctuaries, monuments, buildings), tangible movable resources (e.g. objects in museums) and intangible resources including values, customs, ceremonies, lifestyles and experiences such as cultural events, currently UNESCO focusing on folk dances of randomness India as a cultural heritage( ). It defines that heritage to urism as an immersion in the natural history human heritage, arts, philosophy and institutions of other region or country (Timothy and Boyd 2003).The importance of HeritageThe importance of heritage and reasons for preserving heritage can be described into four aspects which are social, economical, scientific and political (Hall and McArthur 1993a). In social significance, heritage refers to personal and collective identity people and society have which can lead to create a sense of belonging. The sense of belonging and social conscience is a driver to consider preservation in the first place. In terms of economic importance, heritage is preserved because of its value for tourism and recreation. As being a large scale business, heritage tourism can generate incomes for the sites either from visitor spending or sponsorship from various stakeholders (Hall and McArthur 1993a). Further mainly Heritage have scientific and educational importance since heritage attractions especially natu ral heritage sites such as national lay may have rare habitat and endangered species which will be useful for scientific researches as well as the monuments and wonders of the worlds creates more opportunities to the scientist and researchers to find out the exact meaning of the past it may be by digging by the archaeological department of each country or the scientific analysis of wall paintings at various world heritage sites (Hall and McArthur 1993a). In terms of political importance, Hall and McArthur (1993a, p. 9) state that the importance and demonstration of heritage may serve political ends as the conservation and interpretation of certain heritage attractions may serve to underline a particular version of history or to come on existing political values.Current tourist demandAccording to (Pavliv, 2009) up gradation in the standard of living is become a main cause of rises in fluctuation of tourists spending for example the income generating from the modern font tourism co mmodities. Modern tourists behaviour is the main factor in current tourism industry. As currently many of travel operations that could be from demand side or supply side are in boom because ease of accessing Information with internet. So the importance of information technology in the current industry is the main factor while considering the supply and demand of tourism industry. Also it can be assumed that the personal needs of the modern tourism have more influence liken to old masses of tourism. The current tourism mostly depended on economic mass and production to consume mass, standardized and rigidly packaged holidays. The new tourists are dictating the pace and direction of industry changes (Poon, 1993 in Pavlic, 2009). parvenu tourists behaviour is the most important factor in the modern tourism development. Consequently, here the intention of the research is to find out the main factors and consequences of tourism demand changes. The researcher wants to find out if there is the universal type of tourist for the universal tourism supply or there are different types that require different marketing approach for example the e-tourism method to attract the tourists. Also the goals of the paper are to research the main causes of changes in modern tourism. The stated phenomenon has exerted a great influence onto the behavioural changes, as well as on the change in structure of the existing needs of tourist demand compare with the previous period. While the old mass tourism, apparently identical tourists were forced by the economic and mass production to consume mass, standardized and rigidly packaged holidays of every group of people and individual, new tourist consider the changes in this industry are and it affecting on their individual decision (Poon, 1993 cited in Pavlic, 2009). For ex tour packages.Vellas Becherel (1997 in Pavlic, 2009) the modern tourist can be classified in various factors and in that three main factors which particularly in dema nd of travel of tourist firstly, demographic and communal changes. These factors mainly control by traditional and existing outbound market respectively these are two main markets in this industry so as far as concern it has enormous influence on the individual tourist as well as on international tourism. Secondly, leisure time and duration of holidays is greater than before as.Segmentation of holidays and market segmentation.Chapter 3A case study of Ajanta and Ellora cavesThe consideration of architectural heritage had been a matter of national concern only at most the laws regarding protection of historic building in Europe date pole to that period of their national borders. There are many cultural groups live in each country, but their scope never went beyond the boundaries. The cultural internationality was a result of the First World War, with the formation of the confederation of Nations, and most of all of the Second World War, with the formation of the United Nations Organ ization and the establishment of the UNECO (ICOMOS, 2010).The chapter provides a literature review of cultural heritage tourism in India, Particularly at Ajanta and Ellora Caves World Heritage sites inscribed in 1983 by UNESCO at Aurangabad, India. These caves are great example of cave architecture from the 2nd to 6th century. It is mainly demonstrate the Buddhistic, Jain and Hindu religion cultures. So, these studies will focuses on the religious novelty of cultures in India as well as it involve the importance of heritage visitors management at those sites. And then it will compare with other world heritage sites. As what can do more to maintain/sustain the balance between demand and supply side of heritage tourism industry in India. Increasing tourists and the conservation of heritage sites these are the main issues now days. So, as subsidizing product of tourism industry what are the main significance and characteristics of cultural heritage tourism and its importance around t he world and in India particularly at Ajanta and Ellora caves.According to the UNESCO, the Ajanta Caves are the masterwork of the Archaeological rock debase caves. The first Buddhist cave monuments at Ajanta date from the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. During the Gupta dynasty period (5th and 6th centuries A.D.), highly abundantly decorated caves were added to the original group. The paintings and sculptures of Ajanta, considered as a stunning success of Buddhist religious art, have had a considerable artistic influence.As it mentioned above the Ajanta caves depict the role of the Buddhist community, intellectual and religious halls, schools for self development based on the teaching of Vipassana. In theBuddhisttradition which means insightinto the nature of reality. Vipassana is one of worlds most ancient techniques of meditation it is a practice of self-transformation with self-observation andintrospection. In English, vipassanais often referred to simply as insight meditation. The caves also was a reception centres in the India of the Gupta and their immediate successors.The caves are located 100km matingeast of Ellora, 104km from Aurangabad, Maharashtra India and 52km from Jalgaon Railway Station. They are cut into the volcanic lava of the Deccan in the forest ravines of the Sahyadri Hills and are set in beautiful sylvan surroundings. The most important part is these magnificent caves containing carvings that depict the life of Buddha, and their carvings and sculptures are considered to be the beginning of classical Indian art. And this is main reason why tourist and researchers attract to those sites.The description of the caves is, the total number of caves are 30 but one is unfinished caves so the 29 caves were excavated beginning around 200 BC, but they were cast out in AD 650 in favour of Ellora. In that five of the caves were temples and 24 were monasteries, thought to have been occupied by some 200 monks and artisans. After seventh century to 18th century there was no any supportive record has found, it may be because of increased forest surrounding of the site and that it was bury until their rediscovery by a British tiger-hunting party in 1819.The Ajanta site consists of 29 caves cut into the side of a cliff which rises above a wander in the Waghora River. Today the caves are reached by a road which runs along a terrace mid-way up the cliff up to now each cave was once linked by a stairway to the edge of the water. This is a Buddhist community, comprises five sanctuaries or Chaitya-grihas(caves number 9, 10, 19, 26 and 29) and monastic complexsangharamasor viharas. A first group of caves was formed in the 2nd century BC the Chaitya-grihas open into the rock wall by doorways surmounted by a horse-shoe shaped bay. The give plan is a basilical one piers separate the principal nave from the side walkway which joins in the apsis to permit the ritual circumambulation behind the (commemorative monument). This rupestral architec ture scrupulously reproduces the forms and elements visible in wooden constructions.A second group of caves was created at a later date, the 5th and 6th centuries AD, during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods. These caves were excavated during the supremacy of the Vakatakas and Guptas. According to inscriptions, Varahadeva, the minister of the Vakataka king, Harishena (c. AD 475-500), dedicated Cave 16 to the Buddhist sangha while Cave 17 was the gift of the prince, a feudatory. An inscription records that the Buddha image in Cave 4 was the gift of some Abhayanandi who hailed from Mathura.The earlier architectural formulas were re-employed but treated in an infinitely richer and more ample manner. The decoration bring home the bacon, at this time, an unequalled splendour the statuary is numerous (it was already permissible to represent Buddha as a human these representations are found both on the facades and in the interior). Finally, the wall painting, profuse and sensitive, consti tutes, no doubt, the most striking artistic achievement of Ajanta.Under the impulse of the Gupta dynasty, Indian art in effect reached its apogee. The Ajanta Caves are generally decorated with painted or form figures of supple form and classic balance with which the name of the dynasty has remained synonymous. The refined lightness of the decoration, the balance of the compositions, the marvellous beauty of the feminine figures place the paintings of Ajanta among the major achievements of the Gupta and post-Gupta style and confer on them the ranking of a masterpiece of universal pictorial art.Here needs to understand the history of India as how the past events has changed its culture first major civilisation Indus River valley was found early five thousand years back. The twin cities of Mohenjodaro and Harappa World heritage site UNESCO now in Pakistan were ruled by priests and held the fundamentals of Hinduism. These civilisations are known to possess a sophisticated way of life, a highly developed sense of aesthetics, an astounding knowledge of town readiness and an unreadable script language. The Indus culture at one point of time extended nearly a million square kilometres across the Indus river valley. It existed at the corresponding time as the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Sumer but far outlasted them. Surviving for nearly a thousand years the Indus valley civilisation fell to tectonic upheavals in about 1700 BC, which caused a series of floods.The Aryans came around 1500 BC, and that was the reason to the collapsing Indus Valley culture. At the dawn of Vedic ages the Aryans came in from the North and spread through large move of India bringing with them their culture and religious beliefs.PleasedIn 567 B.C. Siddhartha Gautama was born. After asceticism andmeditation, Siddhartha Gautama discovered the BuddhistMiddle Way-a path of moderation away from the extremes of self-indulgence andself-mortification.Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenmen t sitting under aPipaltree, now known as theBodhi treeinBodh Gaya, (A name of place) India Gautama, from then on, was known asThe absolutely Self-Awakened One,theSamyaksambuddha. There are lots of paintings and sculptures Vipassana.During this time lived Mahavira, who founded the Jain Religion. The Indian subcontinent is full of caves and monuments devoted to these religions and are worth a visit.After two hundred years, in the 4th century B.C., Emperor Ashoka, one of the great King of Indian histories, led the Mauryan Empire to take over almost all of what is now modern India. This great leader embraced Buddhism and built the group of monuments at Sanchi (a UNESCO world heritage site). The Ashoka pillar (four lions are seated back to back on single cut rock pillar) at Sarnath has been adopted by India as its national emblem and theDharma Chakraon the Ashoka Pillar adorns the National Flag.They were followed by the Guptas in the conglutination, while in the south part of India qui te a few different Hindu empires, the Cholas, the Pandyas and the Cheras spread and grew, did business with Europe and other parts of Asia till the end of the 1100s.Christianity came in India at about the same time from Europe. Legend has it that St. Thomas the Apostle arrived in India in 52 A.D. Even earlier than that people of the Jewish religion arrived on Indias shores.In about the 7th century A.D. a group of Zoroastrians, or Parsees, landed in Gujarat and became a part of the large mix of religions in India today, each of which adds its important and classifiable flavour.In the 15th century Guru Nanak laid the foundation of the Sikh religion in Punjab.In 1192, Mohammed of Ghori, a ruler from Afghanistan, came into India and captured several places in the north including Delhi. When he went home he left one of his generals in charge who became the first Sultan of Delhi. During this time Islam, was introduced into a major part of Northern India. It can be mentioned that even befo re that, just after the period of the prophet, Islam was brought to the western coast of India by Arab traders and flourished in what is now Kerala.The Dehli Sultanate gradually took control of more and more of North India over the next 200 years, till Timur, who was called Timur the Lame or Tamberlane came from Turkey in 1398 to attack India. He and his army stole all the valuables that they could go for and left again, Soon the Mughals, who were from Iran, came in and took control of the north.In the meantime south, in 1336, the Hindu Vijayanagar empire was set up and became very strong.The Europeans Portuguese, French, Dutch, Danish and British started arriving in the early 1600s. The above people held territories in India and made a good friends as well as enemies among Indias rulers as they got more and more involved, with the Indian politics, however the British who in conclusion controlled most of India and finally made it one of their colonies.Two hundred years later, in the 4th century B.C., Emperor Ashoka, one of the greatest King of Indian histories, led the Mauryan Empire to take over almost all of what is now modern India. This great leader embraced Buddhism and built the group of monuments at Sanchi (a UNESCO world heritage site). The Ashoka pillar at Sarnath has been adopted by India as its national emblem and theDharma Chakraon the Ashoka Pillar adorns the National Flag.They were followed by the Guptas in the north, while in the south part of India several different Hindu empires, the Cholas, the Pandyas and the Cheras spread and grew, trading with Europe and other parts of Asia till the end of the 1100s.Christianity entered India at about the same time from Europe. Legend has it that St. Thomas the Apostle arrived in India in 52 A.D. Even earlier than that people of the Jewish religion arrived on Indias shores.In nigh the 7th century A.D. a group of Zoroastrians, or Parsees, landed in Gujarat and became a part of the large mix of religion s in India today, each of which adds its important and distinctive flavour.In the 15th century Guru Nanak laid the foundation of the Sikh religion in Punjab.To TopIn 1192, Mohammed of Ghori, a ruler from Afghanistan, came into India and captured several places in the north including Delhi. When he went home he left one of his generals in charge who became the first Sultan of Delhi. During this time Islam, was introduced into a major part of Northern India. It may be mentioned that even before that, just after the period of the prophet, Islam was brought to the western coast of India by Arab traders and flourished in what is now Kerala.The Dehli Sultanate gradually took control of more and more of North India over the next 200 years, till Timur, who was called Timur the Lame or Tamberlane came from Turkey in 1398 to attack India. He and his army stole all the valuables that they could submit and left again, and after that the Delhi Sultanate was never so strong again. Soon the Mugha ls, who were from Iran, came in and took control of the north.In the meantime south, in 1336, the Hindu Vijayanagar empire was set up and became very strong.The Europeans Portuguese, French, Dutch, Danish and British started arriving in the early 1600s. All of them held territories in India and made friends and enemies among Indias rulers as they got more and more involved, with the Indian politics, but it was the British who eventually controlled most of India and finally made it one of their colonies.India got its independence from Britain in 1947 after a long struggle led mostly by Mahatma Gandhi. In the process of becoming independent, India became two countries instead of one. In the years since independence India has made huge progress and coped with great problems, and has developed its industry and its agriculture, and has maintained a corpse of government which makes it the largest democracy in the world.India got its independence from Britain in 1947. Since independence India has made huge evolution and muddle through with great problems, and has maintained a constitution of government which makes it the largest democracy in the world.Every community and nation try to protect, conserve and develop heritage as an asset, particularly to make them important tourist sites by developing better infrastructure and facilities, which offer a rich cultural experience to tourists and ensure cultural and natural heritage of the destination to be preserved and conserved.To extend INTACHs mandate beyond conservation, the Heritage Tourism Division was set up in December 2005. A cogent system of victuals of heritage sites was evolved in the activities of the Division. This would allow people to have access to and understand heritage sites in complete detail. The Heritage Tourism Divisions primary work is to synergize heritage with tourism.The Division works for development of sustainable tourism connected with heritage as an asset. A development of tourist faci lities is in harmony with the local eco-system and heritage architecture, and regulates sensitivity of design in architectural style of construction of any new tourist facilities. The aim of developing tourism is to conserve and utilize buildings to sustain their maintenance. Heritage Tourism development aspects areCommunity Development of tourist receiving destinationSocio-economic Growth of the receiving communityPreservation and Conservation of cultural and natural heritage sitesIncome Generation